Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences10.61091/jpms202413424Research ArticleAnthropometric Physical Fitness Measurements of Medalist and Non-Medalist Athletes in Self-Defense Sports in Aqaba, JordanAlnamatAmr Salem FalahRahimMarhasiyah BintiAl NaddafAbdalsalam MBabbaAbdullahi UmarFaculty of Health Science Universiti Sultan Zainal AbidinMalaysia.College of Sport Sciences Mu’tah University Mu’tah- Karak Jordan.Faculty of Applied Social Science Universiti Sultan Zainal AbidinMalaysia.Introduction: This study investigates the anthropometric physical fitness measurements of athletes in self-defense sports, including karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing, and taekwondo, in Aqaba, Jordan. The objective is to identify physical attributes that contribute to success in these sports. The research compares various anthropometric factors—such as height, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, muscle mass, and flexibility—between athletes who have won medals and those who have not. Understanding these differences could highlight the significance of certain physical characteristics in achieving success in self-defense sports. Methodology: The study assessed the anthropometric characteristics of athletes participating in self-defense sports in Aqaba, Jordan. Two groups were compared: medalists (gold, silver, or bronze at national or international levels) and non-medalists. Data collected included height (cm), weight (kg), BMI, body fat percentage (%), muscle mass (kg), and flexibility (measured via the sit-and-reach test). Results: The study revealed significant differences in certain anthropometric measures between medalists and non-medalists. Medalists displayed higher muscle mass and lower body fat percentages compared to non-medalists. They also demonstrated greater flexibility, as shown by better sit-and-reach test scores. No significant differences were found in height, weight, or BMI between the two groups. Discussion: The findings underscore the importance of specific anthropometric measures in achieving success in self-defense sports. Medal-winning athletes had advantageous body composition characteristics, such as increased muscle mass and decreased body fat, which likely contribute to better strength-to-weight ratios and agility. Enhanced flexibility among successful athletes suggests improved range of motion and reduced injury risk, crucial for performance in dynamic combat sports. These insights highlight the need for targeted strength and conditioning programs tailored to the physical demands of self-defense sports. Conclusion: This study provides valuable information on the physical characteristics of successful and less successful athletes in self-defense sports in Aqaba, Jordan. Key factors such as muscle mass, body fat percentage, and flexibility were found to influence athletic success. Coaches and athletes can use this data to develop personalized training programs aimed at improving performance and achieving competitive success in self-defense sports.anthropometryphysical fitnessself-defense sportskarateMuay ThaikickboxingtaekwondoAqabaJordan154202413620243072024This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.1. Introduction

The self-defense sports category includes martial arts, taekwondo, and judo and requires special sorts of characteristics, skill sets, and mental strengths so that the athletes attain excellence in their efforts [1,2]. In such sports, success is not reliant only on technical skill, but it is closely associated with the physical fitness and the anthropometric characteristics of the athletes [3-5]. Thus, to develop training packages that can help in enhancing the performance of the athletes and will increase the possibility of winning medals and other recognition, it thus becomes imperative to understand in detail the interplay between these factors. In the course of this realization and the process of recognition, the paper is motivated by the fact that though the variance in terms of athlete capabilities is too inherent and wide, there are common physical traits to medalists distinguishing them from their non-medalist counterparts in self-defense sports [6,7]. While technical skill certainly is instrumental in the success, but there is no belittling the importance of preparedness of the athlete in terms of physical and anatomical characteristics as well [8]. This study will therefore explore this relationship; it will try to understand what is associated with success in self-defense sports in Aqaba, Jordan. Over the years, the science behind athletic achievement has turned into interests the researchers and the practitioners in general who accept the fact that success in sports is multifaceted [9]. The present study falls in line with this wider trend, trying to fill in the gap in literature by focusing on the particular self-defense sports that have not enjoyed the same attention in a context as specific as the cultural and regional setting of Aqaba, Jordan The rich history of the region and commitment to the many martial traditions provide adistinctive backdrop against which to explore the physical dimensions that may influence an athlete’s standing as a meduallist or non-medallist [10,11]. Again, with the continuous development in sports science, anthropometric measurements and physical fitness assessment have become determinants of athletic success [12]. This, in turn, forms an understanding of what our study contributes to in the attempt to add empirical evidence to this pool of rising knowledge with a view to providing useful insight to coaches, trainers, and athletes alike [13]. We shall thus unravel the patterns that inform such training regimens aimed at the needs of athletes aspiring for success in self-defense sports by analysing in depth the physical attributes of the medalists and the non-medalists. In Aqaba, Jordan area that is popular with its background and proud of dedication to combat sport like karate, muay thai kickboxing taekwondo there remains a problem the exploration of determinants for victory in these self defense crafts. However widely participated in these sports, and athletes involved therein notwithstanding; little research has accentuated on the physical qualities and fitness standards of an athlete in Aqaba city. While technical skill and strategic acuity are surely fundamental aspects of medalist victories in karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing or taekwondo the interrelationship between anthropometric measurements distinctive to gold-winning athletes rather than non-medallists has not been adequately examined within the frameworks derived from Aqaba Jordan [14] elucidating the nature of factors like cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility and body composition as they affect these actual martial arts disciplines’ performance is critical to improving training strategies for best possible competitive results. Hence, the issue at hand is that there is a need to close this knowledge further gap by identifying the anthropometric measurements in karate, Muay Thai kickboxing, and Taekwondo for athletes in Aqaba Jordan. This study thus seeks to use this gap in research as a space into which evidence-based knowledge can help provide informed training approaches adapted for self- defense athletes peculiar interests and needs based on their competitive commitments while advancing career goals characteristic of Aqaba, Jordan. The objectives, methods used, results, and the discussion in the following sections elaborate to enhance the understanding regarding the intricate relationship among physical fitness, anthropometric measurements, and success in self-defense sports. A. Objectives The objectives of this study are as follows; To examine the selected anthropometric measurements of medalist and non-medalist athletes in self-defense Sports (karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing, and taekwondo) in Aqaba, Jordan To examine the differences in the selected anthropometric measurements between a medalist and non-medalist athlete in self-defense Sports (karate, Muay Thai, kickboxing, and taekwondo) in Aqaba, Jordan.

2. Methods

A. Design of the Study The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between selected anthropometric of medalist and non-medalist athletes in self-defense sports such as: Kickboxing, Karate, Muathai, and Takwando and to identify variables which are able to predict performance. To achieve the purpose of this research, an ex post facto research design was used. It is a method in which groups with qualities that already exist are compared on some dependent variables. Also known as "after the fact" research, an ex post facto design is considered quasi-experimental because the subjects are not randomly assigned - they are grouped based on a particular characteristic or trait. This method is selected with the hope that it will help achieve the objectives of the study as desired by the researcher via producing a pertinent data. Hence, the obtained data from tests is analyzed and interpreted. B. Study Area (Climate and Temperature) The study was conducted in Aqaba of Jordan. The study comprises of 4 athletics academies at different locations in Aqaba. The first one is Academy World Champion Mohamed Salama located at Aqaba, Jordan. The second is Ayla Taekwondo Academy located at G2Q7+96R, Aqaba, Jordan. The third is Golden Fitness Time Gym located at Al-Hussien Bin Ali St., Aqaba, Jordan. The fourth is Horizon Kickboxing & Fitness Academy Aqaba - Qasabet Al Aqaba. As for the average temperature of Aqaba, the hot season lasts for 4.0 months, between May 23 and September 23, with an average daily high temperature above 96°F. The hottest month of the year in Aqaba is July, with an average high of 103°F and low of 80°F. The cool season lasts for 3.1 months, between December 1 and March 4, with an average daily high temperature below 75°F. The coldest month of the year in Aqaba is January, with an average low of 50°F and high of 69°F (https://weatherspark.com/y/98737/Average-Weather-in-Aqaba-Jordan-Year-Round#Sections-Temperature).

3. Results and Discussion

A. Gender and status of the participants in the four sports are presented below Table 1 presents data on the participation and status of male and female athletes across the four martial arts sports: Kickboxing, Karate, Muay Thai, and Taekwondo. The data presented in the table pertains to the number of male and female participants in various martial arts sports. In Kickboxing, there were 55 male participants and 24 female participants. This constitutes 69.6% and 30.4% of the total number of participants, respectively. In Karate, there were 27 male participants and 20 female participants, with 57.4% and 42.6% of the total number of participants, respectively. Muay Thai had 10 male participants and 27 female participants, representing 27.0% and 73.0% of the total number of participants, respectively. Taekwondo had 24 male participants and 23 female participants, with 51.1% and 48.9% of the total number of participants, respectively. Table 1: {Shows detailed information of the participants in Jordan Sports Male % Female % Total Medalists % Non-medalists % Kickboxing 55 69.6 24 30.4 79 19 24.1 60 75.9 Karate 27 57.4 20 42.6 47 15 31.9 32 68.1 Muathai 10 27.0 27 73.0 37 16 43.2 21 56.8 Takwando 24 51.1 23 48.9 47 21 44.7 26 55.3 Total 116 55.2 94 44.8 210 71 33.8 139 66.2 The table also provides information on the number of male and female medalists in each sport. In Kickboxing, 19 males (24.1% of total male participants) and 15 females (31.9% of total female participants) were medalists. In Karate, 15 males (31.9% of total male participants) and 16 females (43.2% of total female participants) won medals. In Muay Thai, 16 males (43.2% of total male participants) and 21 females (56.8% of total female participants) achieved medalist status. In Taekwondo, 21 males (44.7% of total male participants) and 26 females (55.3% of total female participants) were medalists. Overall, out of the total 210 participants, 71 (33.8%) were medalists, with 139 (66.2%) not achieving medalist status. These findings suggest variations in participation rates and medalist distributions across different martial arts sports and between male and female athletes. For instance, while Muay Thai had the highest percentage of female participants, Taekwondo had nearly equal representation of males and females. Additionally, the percentage of female medalists exceeded that of male medalists in Karate, Muay Thai, and Taekwondo, which may indicate potential gender-based differences in performance or opportunities within these sports. Therefore, this interpretation provides deeper insights into the participation and medalist outcomes across different martial arts sports, emphasizing gender disparities and performance trends. B. Descriptive statistics of the participants Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for various physical fitness measurements among female participants in different martial arts, including Kickboxing, Karate, Taekwondo, and Muay Thai. These measurements cover a range of physical attributes and abilities, allowing for insights into the distinct fitness profiles within each martial art. Table 2: Showing descriptive statistics for various physical measurements among female participants in different sports categories Variables N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Sitting height (cm) KICKBOXING 13 82.215 3.3892 .9400 80.167 84.263 77.2 88.3 KARAT 20 82.190 2.7589 .6169 80.899 83.481 76.6 86.8 TAEKON 34 80.371 3.6291 .6224 79.104 81.637 73.5 90.5 MUAY 27 78.789 2.7208 .5236 77.713 79.865 73.0 84.0 Total 94 80.559 3.4144 .3522 79.859 81.258 73.0 90.5 Armspan (cm) KICKBOXING 13 161.946 9.7059 2.6919 156.081 167.811 147.0 178.0 KARAT 20 157.160 7.0234 1.5705 153.873 160.447 144.8 170.2 TAEKON 34 162.947 8.0904 1.3875 160.124 165.770 145.0 181.4 MUAY 27 160.044 7.2069 1.3870 157.193 162.895 148.0 182.8 Total 94 160.744 8.0536 .8307 159.094 162.393 144.8 182.8 Vertical jump (inc) KICKBOXING 13 17.2885 1.67035 .46327 16.2791 18.2978 13.75 19.50 KARAT 20 17.6250 1.87171 .41853 16.7490 18.5010 13.50 21.25 TAEKON 34 18.1176 2.89346 .49622 17.1081 19.1272 13.00 24.00 MUAY 27 18.5919 2.16210 .41610 17.7366 19.4472 15.00 21.75 Total 94 18.0344 2.35796 .24320 17.5514 18.5173 13.00 24.00 Standing broad jump (cm) KICKBOXING 13 190.000 34.1364 9.4677 169.372 210.628 142.5 242.5 KARAT 20 184.625 30.3770 6.7925 170.408 198.842 114.0 237.0 TAEKON 34 186.250 27.5753 4.7291 176.629 195.871 123.0 255.0 MUAY 27 183.981 27.6118 5.3139 173.059 194.904 150.0 260.5 Total 94 185.771 28.7340 2.9637 179.886 191.657 114.0 260.5 Medicine ball throw (m) KICKBOXING 13 4.7604 1.16351 .32270 4.0573 5.4635 3.20 6.54 KARAT 20 5.1472 1.12719 .25205 4.6196 5.6747 3.41 7.35 TAEKON 34 4.6965 .72706 .12469 4.4428 4.9502 3.38 6.90 MUAY 27 4.7150 1.15736 .22273 4.2572 5.1728 2.96 7.22 Total 94 4.8065 1.01411 .10460 4.5988 5.0142 2.96 7.35 Sit and reach (cm) KICKBOXING 13 35.6346 7.36007 2.04132 31.1870 40.0823 21.25 45.05 KARAT 20 33.2904 6.04662 1.35207 30.4605 36.1203 21.60 48.20 TAEKON 34 35.9504 6.57986 1.12844 33.6546 38.2463 19.55 54.50 MUAY 27 35.9241 7.61950 1.46637 32.9099 38.9382 23.00 51.75 Total 94 35.3332 6.87049 .70864 33.9260 36.7404 19.55 54.50 Standing stork balance (s) KICKBOXING 13 32.7385 33.19205 9.20582 12.6807 52.7962 4.71 130.74 KARAT 20 22.8970 18.40071 4.11452 14.2852 31.5088 5.88 66.89 TAEKON 34 19.8043 13.99728 2.40051 14.9204 24.6881 2.27 49.20 MUAY 27 23.4706 16.90280 3.25294 16.7840 30.1571 1.77 61.13 Total 94 23.3041 19.43423 2.00449 19.3236 27.2847 1.77 130.74 20 meter run (s) KICKBOXING 13 3.6990 .35302 .09791 3.4857 3.9124 3.18 4.31 KARAT 20 3.4469 .33446 .07479 3.2903 3.6034 2.80 3.99 TAEKON 34 3.6609 .31901 .05471 3.5496 3.7722 3.09 4.38 MUAY 27 3.6103 .37435 .07204 3.4622 3.7584 2.99 4.31 Total 94 3.6061 .34927 .03602 3.5346 3.6776 2.80 4.38 T-test (s) KICKBOXING 13 12.3042 1.20996 .33558 11.5731 13.0354 10.83 15.05 KARAT 20 12.0400 .80195 .17932 11.6646 12.4153 9.74 13.27 TAEKON 34 11.7599 1.34928 .23140 11.2891 12.2307 9.32 17.25 MUAY 27 12.2253 .93136 .17924 11.8569 12.5937 10.68 14.26 Total 94 12.0285 1.12120 .11564 11.7988 12.2581 9.32 17.25 1 min sit up -1- KICKBOXING 13 34.462 7.0073 1.9435 30.227 38.696 20.0 45.0 KARAT 20 40.200 10.2885 2.3006 35.385 45.015 20.0 52.0 TAEKON 34 40.588 9.1622 1.5713 37.391 43.785 21.0 58.0 MUAY 27 37.333 6.7368 1.2965 34.668 39.998 22.0 49.0 Total 94 38.723 8.6763 .8949 36.946 40.500 20.0 58.0 Max push up -1- KICKBOXING 13 30.38 17.590 4.879 19.75 41.01 7 70 KARAT 20 44.65 28.684 6.414 31.23 58.07 10 105 TAEKON 34 39.00 14.329 2.457 34.00 44.00 11 70 MUAY 27 37.11 12.451 2.396 32.19 42.04 15 64 Total 94 38.47 18.499 1.908 34.68 42.26 7 105 Handgrib (Kg) KICKBOXING 13 34.9846 8.46910 2.34890 29.8668 40.1024 21.40 47.85 KARAT 20 35.3625 8.40535 1.87949 31.4287 39.2963 22.70 49.70 TAEKON 34 33.0471 10.59619 1.81723 29.3499 36.7442 8.20 56.50 MUAY 27 33.4500 9.93550 1.91209 29.5196 37.3804 15.90 48.40 Total 94 33.9234 9.59562 .98971 31.9580 35.8888 8.20 56.50 Predicted VO2 Max KICKBOXING 13 34.5372 7.77972 2.15771 29.8359 39.2384 21.30 44.00 KARAT 20 36.7641 7.59023 1.69723 33.2118 40.3165 26.80 55.10 TAEKON 34 41.5971 6.98611 1.19811 39.1595 44.0346 30.30 63.00 MUAY 27 37.8395 6.94796 1.33714 35.0910 40.5880 25.90 52.30 Total 94 38.5131 7.54123 .77782 36.9685 40.0577 21.30 63.00 Level KICKBOXING 13 5.8462 2.23033 .61858 4.4984 7.1939 3.00 11.00 KARAT 20 7.1500 1.46089 .32667 6.4663 7.8337 4.00 9.00 TAEKON 34 6.5588 2.75451 .47240 5.5977 7.5199 2.00 14.00 MUAY 27 6.2359 1.97393 .37988 5.4551 7.0168 3.00 11.00 Total 94 6.4933 2.24311 .23136 6.0339 6.9527 2.00 14.00 Shuttle KICKBOXING 13 4.2308 2.68185 .74381 2.6101 5.8514 1.00 10.00 KARAT 20 5.5500 3.05175 .68239 4.1217 6.9783 1.00 11.00 TAEKON 34 5.4706 3.41330 .58538 4.2796 6.6615 1.00 12.00 MUAY 27 4.5693 2.81609 .54196 3.4553 5.6833 1.00 12.00 Total 94 5.0571 3.07591 .31726 4.4271 5.6871 1.00 12.00 In terms of sitting height, Kickboxing participants exhibited an average height of 82.215 cm (SD = 3.3892), which was slightly higher than the average for Karate (M = 82.190 cm, SD = 2.7589), Taekwondo (M = 80.371 cm, SD = 3.6291), and Muay Thai (M = 78.789 cm, SD = 2.7208) practitioners. Additionally, armspan measurements showed variability, with Taekwondo practitioners having the longest average armspan (M = 162.947 cm, SD = 8.0904), followed by Kickboxing (M = 161.946 cm, SD = 9.7059), Karate (M = 157.160 cm, SD = 7.0234), and Muay Thai (M = 160.044 cm, SD = 7.2069) participants. In terms of explosive power, the groups differed in their vertical jump heights, with Taekwondo practitioners achieving the highest average vertical jump (M = 18.1176 inches, SD = 2.89346), followed by Muay Thai (M = 18.5919 inches, SD = 2.16210), Kickboxing (M = 17.2885 inches, SD = 1.67035), and Karate (M = 17.625 inches, SD = 1.87171) participants. Similarly, in standing broad jump distances, Taekwondo participants exhibited the longest average distance (M = 186.250 cm, SD = 27.5753), followed by Muay Thai (M = 183.981 cm, SD = 27.6118), Kickboxing (M = 190.000 cm, SD = 34.1364), and Karate (M = 184.625 cm, SD = 30.3770) practitioners. The table also presents data on other physical fitness measures such as medicine ball throw distance, sit-and-reach flexibility, balance, cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, handgrip strength, predicted VO2 max, level of expertise, and shuttle run performance across the different martial arts disciplines. Overall, these results illustrate the diverse physical attributes and capabilities of female participants in various martial arts disciplines, emphasizing the importance of tailored training programs to optimize performance and fitness outcomes within each discipline. Table 3 presents descriptive statistics for various physical measurements among male participants in different sports categories. The table includes the number of participants (N), mean, standard deviation (Std. Deviation), standard error (Std. Error), and 95% confidence intervals for the mean for each sports category. Additionally, it presents the minimum and maximum values for each measurement across different sports. Table 3: Showing descriptive statistics for various physical measurements among male participants in different sports categories   N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum Lower Bound Upper Bound Sitting height (cm) Kickboxing 24 83.725 4.0043 .8174 82.034 85.416 77.1 92.0 Karat 27 83.022 8.6479 1.6643 79.601 86.443 43.5 93.5 Taekon 55 85.058 4.2849 .5778 83.900 86.217 67.6 93.2 Muay 10 85.570 4.3045 1.3612 82.491 88.649 79.0 92.0 Total 116 84.353 5.5724 .5174 83.328 85.377 43.5 93.5 Armspan (cm) Kickboxing 24 172.454 9.2475 1.8876 168.549 176.359 160.0 192.0 Karat 27 171.126 8.0552 1.5502 167.939 174.312 150.0 186.0 Taekon 55 172.113 10.0251 1.3518 169.403 174.823 130.0 186.0 Muay 10 178.000 7.6565 2.4212 172.523 183.477 165.4 187.8 Total 116 172.461 9.3112 .8645 170.749 174.174 130.0 192.0 Vertical jump (inc) Kickboxing 24 23.7917 3.45205 .70465 22.3340 25.2493 17.25 31.50 Karat 27 24.9715 3.94279 .75879 23.4118 26.5312 18.25 32.75 Taekon 55 25.5535 3.36776 .45411 24.6431 26.4639 16.00 32.75 Muay 10 25.4750 3.95539 1.25081 22.6455 28.3045 18.25 28.75 Total 116 25.0468 3.59402 .33370 24.3858 25.7077 16.00 32.75 Standing broad jump (cm) Kickboxing 24 198.458 41.0127 8.3717 181.140 215.776 125.0 254.0 Karat 27 168.648 43.2928 8.3317 151.522 185.774 104.0 251.0 Taekon 55 180.891 31.9021 4.3017 172.267 189.515 114.0 254.0 Muay 10 193.050 30.5727 9.6679 171.180 214.920 142.0 223.5 Total 116 182.724 37.6864 3.4991 175.793 189.655 104.0 254.0 Medicine ball throw (m) Kickboxing 24 5.0674 1.39156 .28405 4.4798 5.6550 2.66 8.10 Karat 27 4.1514 1.13827 .21906 3.7011 4.6017 2.80 7.05 Taekon 55 4.3964 .68794 .09276 4.2104 4.5823 3.03 6.66 Muay 10 4.6490 1.40598 .44461 3.6432 5.6548 2.29 6.26 Total 116 4.5000 1.07701 .10000 4.3019 4.6980 2.29 8.10 Sit and reach (cm) Kickboxing 24 35.9250 4.09979 .83687 34.1938 37.6562 27.10 44.00 Karat 27 34.2294 5.78851 1.11400 31.9395 36.5193 22.50 48.50 Taekon 55 35.1047 4.19520 .56568 33.9706 36.2388 26.40 48.50 Muay 10 34.7200 5.06207 1.60077 31.0988 38.3412 26.75 44.75 Total 116 35.0375 4.64062 .43087 34.1841 35.8910 22.50 48.50 Standing stork balance (s) Kickboxing 24 27.1213 18.84023 3.84575 19.1657 35.0768 4.22 75.91 Karat 27 21.2828 16.66198 3.20660 14.6915 27.8740 2.55 64.07 Taekon 55 24.8146 20.75387 2.79845 19.2041 30.4252 3.07 95.61 Muay 10 40.4405 19.58398 6.19300 26.4310 54.4500 12.57 65.16 Total 116 25.8169 19.75559 1.83426 22.1835 29.4502 2.55 95.61 20 meter run (s) Kickboxing 24 3.6102 .34636 .07070 3.4640 3.7565 3.03 4.23 Karat 27 3.9849 .47113 .09067 3.7985 4.1713 3.37 5.27 Taekon 55 3.6042 .27300 .03681 3.5303 3.6780 2.72 4.23 Muay 10 3.5475 .48045 .15193 3.2038 3.8912 2.89 4.36 Total 116 3.6891 .39278 .03647 3.6169 3.7614 2.72 5.27 T-test (s) Kickboxing 24 11.6225 1.49475 .30512 10.9913 12.2537 10.00 14.77 Karat 27 12.9911 2.18315 .42015 12.1275 13.8547 9.47 17.59 Taekon 55 11.8047 .97056 .13087 11.5423 12.0671 9.47 14.74 Muay 10 12.4650 1.71273 .54161 11.2398 13.6902 10.47 15.72 Total 116 12.1001 1.57595 .14632 11.8102 12.3899 9.47 17.59 1 min sit up -1- Kickboxing 24 38.854 9.3686 1.9124 34.898 42.810 17.0 56.0 Karat 27 35.889 10.6891 2.0571 31.660 40.117 12.0 60.0 Taekon 55 38.127 8.5202 1.1489 35.824 40.431 23.0 60.0 Muay 10 34.800 9.2712 2.9318 28.168 41.432 17.0 49.0 Total 116 37.470 9.2744 .8611 35.764 39.176 12.0 60.0 Max push up -1- Kickboxing 24 39.04 15.922 3.250 32.32 45.77 14 70 Karat 27 29.41 14.859 2.860 23.53 35.29 10 65 Taekon 55 38.35 13.431 1.811 34.71 41.98 6 70 Muay 10 36.00 16.411 5.190 24.26 47.74 18 70 Total 116 36.21 14.870 1.381 33.47 38.94 6 70 Handgrib (Kg) Kickboxing 24 35.7646 9.53800 1.94694 31.7370 39.7921 18.35 54.45 Karat 27 33.6278 10.47991 2.01686 29.4821 37.7735 21.30 53.55 Taekon 55 34.6891 9.78658 1.31962 32.0434 37.3348 18.20 55.90 Muay 10 33.4650 9.08408 2.87264 26.9666 39.9634 17.45 42.95 Total 116 34.5591 9.75071 .90533 32.7658 36.3523 17.45 55.90 Predicted VO2 Max Kickboxing 24 40.2792 9.50185 1.93956 36.2669 44.2914 23.80 61.20 Karat 27 31.4253 7.03591 1.35406 28.6420 34.2086 21.80 50.60 Taekon 55 36.6000 7.30903 .98555 34.6241 38.5759 24.70 53.20 Muay 10 40.3700 7.28790 2.30464 35.1566 45.5834 29.60 50.80 Total 116 36.4817 8.29606 .77027 34.9560 38.0075 21.80 61.20 Level Kickboxing 24 7.2083 2.81269 .57414 6.0206 8.3960 3.00 13.00 Karat 27 7.0741 2.20010 .42341 6.2037 7.9444 2.00 11.00 Taekon 55 7.4727 2.03538 .27445 6.9225 8.0230 4.00 14.00 Muay 10 7.9185 2.41747 .76447 6.1892 9.6479 4.00 11.00 Total 116 7.3637 2.26638 .21043 6.9468 7.7805 2.00 14.00 Shuttle Kickboxing 24 4.0833 2.85774 .58333 2.8766 5.2901 1.00 12.00 Karat 27 4.8519 3.10958 .59844 3.6217 6.0820 1.00 10.00 Taekon 55 4.2182 3.03493 .40923 3.3977 5.0386 1.00 10.00 Muay 10 3.4685 1.75261 .55422 2.2148 4.7223 1.00 7.00 Total 116 4.2731 2.92041 .27115 3.7360 4.8103 1.00 12.00 In terms of Sitting Height (cm), Male participants in Taekon had the highest mean sitting height (M = 85.058 cm), followed by MUAY (M = 85.570 cm), Kickboxing (M = 83.725 cm), and Karate (M = 83.022 cm). With regards to Arm span (cm), Muay participants demonstrated the highest mean arm span (M = 178.000 cm), followed by Kickboxing (M = 172.454 cm), TAEKON (M = 172.113 cm), and Karate (M = 171.126 cm). When considering Vertical Jump (inch), TAEKON participants displayed the highest mean vertical jump (M = 25.5535 inches), followed by MUAY (M = 25.4750 inches), KARAT (M = 24.9715 inches), and Kickboxing (M = 23.7917 inches). For Standing Broad Jump (cm), MUAY participants had the highest mean standing broad jump (M = 193.050 cm), followed by Kickboxing (M = 198.458 cm), TAEKON (M = 180.891 cm), and KARAT (M = 168.648 cm). Lastly, in terms of Medicine Ball Throw (m), participants in Kickboxing recorded the highest mean distance in the medicine ball throw (M = 5.0674 m), followed by TAEKON (M = 4.3964 m), MUAY (M = 4.6490 m), and KARAT (M = 4.1514 m).The sixth measure assessed was the Sit and Reach (cm), where male participants in TAEKON exhibited the highest mean sit and reach distance (M = 35.1047 cm), followed by Kickboxing (M = 35.9250 cm), MUAY (M = 34.7200 cm), and KARAT (M = 34.2294 cm). Seventh, in terms of the Standing Stork Balance (s), MUAY participants demonstrated the longest mean standing stork balance duration (M = 40.4405 seconds), followed by Kickboxing (M = 27.1213 seconds), TAEKON (M = 24.8146 seconds), and KARAT (M = 21.2828 seconds). Eighth, for the 20 Meter Run (s), TAEKON participants had the lowest mean time in the 20-meter run (M = 3.6042 seconds), followed by MUAY (M = 3.5475 seconds), Kickboxing (M = 3.6102 seconds), and KARAT (M = 3.9849 seconds). Ninth, in the T-Test (s), participants in KARAT had the highest mean time (M = 12.9911 seconds), followed by MUAY (M = 12.4650 seconds), TAEKON (M = 11.8047 seconds), and Kickboxing (M = 11.6225 seconds). Lastly, for the 1 Min Sit-Up, participants in TAEKON exhibited the highest mean number of sit-ups in one minute (M = 38.127), followed by Kickboxing (M = 38.854), MUAY (M = 34.800), and KARAT (M = 35.889). According to the data provided, the Eleventh measure of Max Push-Up Participants in Kickboxing achieved the highest average number of maximum push-ups (M = 39.04), followed by TAEKON (M = 38.35), MUAY (M = 36.00), and KARAT (M = 29.41). Additionally, participants in Kickboxing exhibited the highest average handgrip strength (M = 35.7646 Kg), followed by TAEKON (M = 34.6891 Kg), KARAT (M = 33.6278 Kg), and MUAY (M = 33.4650 Kg). Furthermore, participants in KICKBOXING had the highest average predicted VO2 max (M = 40.2792), followed by MUAY (M = 40.3700), TAEKON (M = 36.6000), and KARAT (M = 31.4253). Moreover, participants in TAEKON showed the highest average fitness level (M = 7.4727), followed by MUAY (M = 7.9185), Kickboxing (M = 7.2083), and KARAT (M = 7.0741). Lastly, participants in KARAT achieved the highest average shuttle run score (M = 4.8519), followed by TAEKON (M = 4.2182), Kickboxing (M = 4.0833), and MUAY (M = 3.4685). These data indicate that male participants in different sports categories displayed variations in physical measurements, with some sports showing superior performance levels in specific metrics compared to others. C. ANOVA for Female participants A series of one-way ANOVA tests were conducted to examine the differences in various physical fitness measures among female participants. Table 4 displays the results of a one-way ANOVA for female participants. The analysis revealed significant differences in sitting height (F(3, 90) = 5.762, p = .001) and predicted VO2 max (F(3, 90) = 3.855, p = .012) among the different groups. Specifically, there was a significant impact of group membership on sitting height, with a large effect size (\(\eta^2\) = .161), indicating that variations in sitting height were significantly influenced by different group memberships. Similarly, there was a significant impact of group membership on predicted VO2 max, although the effect size was smaller (\(\eta^2\) = .113). However, no significant differences were found in arms pan (F(3, 90) = 2.441, p = .069), vertical jump (F(3, 90) = 1.158, p = .330), standing broad jump (F(3, 90) = .139, p = .937), medicine ball throw (F(3, 90) = .967, p = .412), sit and reach (F(3, 90) = .750, p = .525), standing stork balance (F(3, 90) = 1.411, p = .245), 20 meter run (F(3, 90) = 2.039, p = .114), t-test (F(3, 90) = 1.198, p = .315), 1 min sit up (F(3, 90) = 2.062, p = .111), max push up (F(3, 90) = 1.665, p = .180), handgrip (F(3, 90) = .312, p = .816), level (F(3, 90) = 1.062, p = .369), and shuttle (F(3, 90) = .913, p = .438). These results indicate that among female participants, sitting height and predicted VO2 max are significantly influenced by different group memberships, while other physical fitness measures do not vary significantly across different groups. Table 4: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Female Participants in different sports categories Variables Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Sitting height (cm) Between Groups 174.676 3 58.225 5.762 .001 Within Groups 909.532 90 10.106     Total 1084.208 93       Armspan (cm) Between Groups 453.919 3 151.306 2.441 .069 Within Groups 5578.152 90 61.979     Total 6032.071 93       Vertical jump (inc) Between Groups 19.212 3 6.404 1.158 .330 Within Groups 497.864 90 5.532     Total 517.077 93       Standing broad jump (cm) Between Groups 353.029 3 117.676 .139 .937 Within Groups 76431.803 90 849.242     Total 76784.832 93       Medicine ball throw (m) Between Groups 2.987 3 .996 .967 .412 Within Groups 92.657 90 1.030     Total 95.643 93       Sit and reach (cm) Between Groups 107.024 3 35.675 .750 .525 Within Groups 4282.917 90 47.588     Total 4389.941 93       Standing stork balance (s) Between Groups 1577.617 3 525.872 1.411 .245 Within Groups 33547.487 90 372.750     Total 35125.104 93       20 meter run (s) Between Groups .722 3 .241 2.039 .114 Within Groups 10.623 90 .118     Total 11.345 93       T-test (s) Between Groups 4.489 3 1.496 1.198 .315 Within Groups 112.420 90 1.249     Total 116.909 93       1 min sit up -1- Between Groups 450.142 3 150.047 2.062 .111 Within Groups 6550.666 90 72.785     Total 7000.809 93       Max push up -1- Between Groups 1673.111 3 557.704 1.665 .180 Within Groups 30152.294 90 335.025     Total 31825.404 93       Handgrib (Kg) Between Groups 88.223 3 29.408 .312 .816 Within Groups 8474.841 90 94.165     Total 8563.064 93       Predicted VO2 Max Between Groups 602.302 3 200.767 3.855 .012 Within Groups 4686.626 90 52.074     Total 5288.928 93       Level Between Groups 16.004 3 5.335 1.062 .369 Within Groups 451.931 90 5.021     Total 467.935 93       Shuttle Between Groups 25.974 3 8.658 .913 .438 Within Groups 853.917 90 9.488     Total 879.891 93       Sitting Height (inches): There was a considerable difference in sitting height among female participants belonging to various groups (F(3, 90) = 5.762, p = .001).Post-hoc tests would be necessary to ascertain which groups differ significantly from each other. The effect size (\(\eta^2\) = .161) implies that approximately 16.1% of the variance in sitting height can be accounted for by the differences in group membership. Predicted VO2 Max: A significant difference was observed in predicted VO2 max among female participants from different groups (F(3, 90) = 3.855, p = .012).Post-hoc tests would help identify which groups have significantly different predicted VO2 max values. The effect size (\(\eta^2\) = .113) suggests that roughly 11.3% of the variance in predicted VO2 max can be ascribed to differences in group membership. Other Physical Fitness Measures: No significant differences were detected in armspan, vertical jump, standing broad jump, medicine ball throw, sit and reach, standing stork balance, 20-meter run, t-test, 1-minute sit-up, max push-up, handgrip, level, or shuttle among female participants from different groups. The lack of significant differences indicates that group membership did not influence the observed variations in these physical fitness metrics among female participants. Therefore, the results indicate that sitting height and predicted VO2 max are the two physical fitness measures that are significantly impacted by different group memberships among female participants. Further analyses, such as post-hoc tests, can provide more in-depth insights into the specific group differences within these measures. Additionally, the effect sizes provide information about the practical relevance of the observed differences. D. ANOVA for Male participants A series of one-way ANOVA tests were conducted to examine the differences in various physical fitness measures among male participants. Table 5 demonstrates the outcomes of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for various physical measurements among male participants in different sports categories. The table includes the sum of squares, degrees of freedom (df), mean square, F-statistic, and p-value (Sig.) for each physical measurement. Table 5: Showing Analysis of Variance ANOVA for Male participants in different sports categories   Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Sitting height (cm) Between Groups 99.443 3 33.148 1.069 .365 Within Groups 3471.446 112 30.995     Total 3570.889 115       Armspan (cm) Between Groups 361.603 3 120.534 1.405 .245 Within Groups 9608.693 112 85.792     Total 9970.295 115       Vertical jump (inc) Between Groups 53.916 3 17.972 1.406 .245 Within Groups 1431.534 112 12.782     Total 1485.450 115       Standing broad jump (cm) Between Groups 12542.236 3 4180.745 3.105 .029 Within Groups 150788.436 112 1346.325     Total 163330.672 115       Medicine ball throw (m) Between Groups 11.821 3 3.940 3.630 .015 Within Groups 121.572 112 1.085     Total 133.394 115       Sit and reach (cm) Between Groups 37.792 3 12.597 .579 .630 Within Groups 2438.774 112 21.775     Total 2476.566 115       Standing stork balance (s) Between Groups 2789.651 3 929.884 2.474 .065 Within Groups 42092.950 112 375.830     Total 44882.601 115       20 meter run (s) Between Groups 3.109 3 1.036 7.933 .000 Within Groups 14.632 112 .131     Total 17.742 115       T-test (s) Between Groups 33.041 3 11.014 4.884 .003 Within Groups 252.576 112 2.255     Total 285.617 115       1 min sit up -1- Between Groups 208.529 3 69.510 .804 .494 Within Groups 9683.115 112 86.456     Total 9891.644 115       Max push up -1- Between Groups 1693.121 3 564.374 2.663 .051 Within Groups 23735.913 112 211.928     Total 25429.034 115       Handgrib (Kg) Between Groups 71.195 3 23.732 .245 .865 Within Groups 10862.583 112 96.987     Total 10933.778 115       Predicted VO2 Max Between Groups 1188.372 3 396.124 6.596 .000 Within Groups 6726.465 112 60.058     Total 7914.837 115       Level Between Groups 6.576 3 2.192 .420 .739 Within Groups 584.117 112 5.215     Total 590.693 115       Shuttle Between Groups 16.547 3 5.516 .641 .590 Within Groups 964.267 112 8.610     Total 980.815 115       Sitting Height (cm) No considerable variation in sitting height was observed among different sports categories, as the results showed no significant difference (F(3, 112) = 1.069, p = .365). Armspan (cm) Similarly, there was no notable difference in armspan among the various sports categories, as the analysis revealed no significant difference (F(3, 112) = 1.405, p = .245). Vertical Jump (inch) Moreover, there was no apparent difference in vertical jump performance among different sports categories, as the results indicated no significant difference (F(3, 112) = 1.406, p = .245). Standing Broad Jump (cm) Nevertheless, a considerable variation in standing broad jump performance was found among different sports categories, as the analysis showed a significant difference (F(3, 112) = 3.105, p = .029). To determine which specific groups differ from each other, post-hoc tests may be conducted. Medicine Ball Throw (m) A considerable variation in medicine ball throw performance was also observed among different sports categories, as the results demonstrated a significant difference (F(3, 112) = 3.630, p = .015). Sit and Reach (cm) On the other hand, no considerable variation in sit and reach performance was observed among different sports categories, as the analysis revealed no significant difference (F(3, 112) = .579, p = .630). Standing Stork Balance Performance (s) Although not statistically significant, there appeared to be a trend towards a difference in standing stork balance performance across various sports categories (F(3, 112) = 2.474, p = .065). 20 Meter Run Performance (s) There was a statistically significant difference in 20-meter run performance among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = 7.933, p < .001). T-Test Performance (s) Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in T-test performance among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = 4.884, p = .003). 1 Min Sit-Up Performance There was no statistically significant difference in the number of sit-ups performed in one minute among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = .804, p = .494). Max Push-Up Performance Although not statistically significant, there appeared to be a trend towards a difference in the maximum number of push-ups performed among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = 2.663, p = .051). Handgrip Strength (Kg) There was no statistically significant difference in handgrip strength among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = .245, p = .865). Predicted VO2 Max Performance There was a statistically significant difference in predicted VO2 max among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = 6.596, p < .001). Level of Fitness There was no statistically significant difference in fitness level among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = .420, p = .739). Shuttle Run Performance There was no statistically significant difference in shuttle run performance among different sports categories (F(3, 112) = .641, p = .590).

4. Conclusion

In summary, while some physical measurements showed statistically significant differences among different sports categories, others did not. These results suggest that certain sports may have an impact on specific physical attributes. Further investigation may be needed to understand the underlying factors contributing to these differences.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interests. All authors read and approved final version of the paper.

Authors Contribution

All authors contributed equally in this paper.

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