Background: Oral cancer (OC) ranks as the sixth most prevalent kind of cancer in the United States, according to researchers. According to many studies, the head and neck account for 40% of all cancer cases in India. Low rates of survival after surgery and postoperative irradiation (PORT) for advanced malignancies have prompted researchers to consider NACT as a viable treatment option. Objectives: To evaluate the role of NACT in LAOC. Methodology: We gathered demographic data, clinical history, prior medical history, family history, and social history using standard, semi-structured questionnaires and required investigations in 40 patients using a prospective analytical type of research. All patients received NACT and were followed for six months. Result and Conclusion. We found that nausea-vomiting was the most prevalent adverse event after NACT, followed by neutropenia (11.66%), diarrhea (8.33%), and anemia (up to 3.33%). Thus, we conclude that, during the 6-month follow-up, we found no disease recurrence. The buccal-alveolar complex was also affected in several patients. The utilization of induction CT in cases of T4b unresectable cancer has been found to slow disease development, yield a partial macroscopic response, and be safe and feasible. This strategy should increase survival rates for patients who have surgery.

Introduction: Endocrinological emergencies such as DKA are known for hyperglycemia, ketone bodies, and metabolic acidosis in the blood and urine. It rarely occurs in type 2 DM patients. ABG and VBG are biochemical parameters used in its research. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of VBG against ABG in DKA patients. Methodology: Details on DM type, duration, antidiabetic drug and insulin usage, and past DKA hospitalizations were collected. A complete blood count, ESR, RFT, electrolyte levels (sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate), LFT, RBS, UT, ABG, VBGA, microscopy, chest X-ray, ECG, abdominal and pelvic ultrasound are recommended. Result and Conclusion: We discovered that the majority of patients pH levels were in the 7.00-7.25 range in both AB and VB (48.7% and 46.1%, respectively) and that the majority of patients' \(HCO_{3}\) levels were above 15 in both AB and VB (56.6% and 64.5%, respectively). Thus, we found that VBG analysis parameters were similar to ABG analysis parameters. The blood gas analysis parameters pH and \(pHCO_{3}\) exhibited the strongest linear correlation when comparing arterial and venous samples.

Introduction: Nicotine serves as the primary addictive component of tobacco. While it is not a carcinogen itself, it plays an important role in encouraging smoking and ongoing exposure to numerous carcinogenic substances found in tobacco. The half-life of nicotine tends to be extended in individuals with reduced P450 2A6 activity, and smokers with lower enzyme activity frequently reduce either the intensity of their smoking or the number of cigarettes they consume when compared to individuals with 'normal' enzyme activity. Hence, a study assessed CYP2A6 polymorphisms and quit attempts among smokers. Materials and methods: 5ml of salivary samples were collected from 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers who had visited Saveetha Dental College in April- May 2023. DNA isolation was done, followed by PCR analysis and Amplification with RFLP. Quit attempts, duration of quit attempts, and methods employed for smoking abstention were assessed using a questionnaire. The statistical association between quit attempts and CYP2A6 (rs56113850) polymorphism was done using the Chi-square test. Results: About 27.9% of smokers had an attempt to quit smoking previously; the rest of smokers (72.1%) did not make an attempt to quit the habit. About 74% smokers have the normal allele (T), the rest 26% have a variant allele (C), about 73% of non-smokers have a normal allele, and the rest 27% have a variant allele. Association between CYP2A6 allele variants and interest to quit scale showed that the normal genotype has a higher scale of interest in quitting tobacco, and the homozygous variant genotype shows the least interest towards quitting tobacco usage, suggesting that there is an association between gene polymorphism and quit attempts. Conclusion: In the present study, there is an association between quit attempts and CYP2A6 polymorphisms among the smokers who had visited the dental hospital. However, the association is not statistically significant.

Background: This study aimed to assess mothers' knowledge regarding multivitamin use for their children in primary health care settings. Methods: It is a cross-sectional survey targeting mothers visiting Primary Health Care. A questionnaire with 14 questions was distributed among two major primary care clinics. Sampling was convenient, and randomness was assumed by visit sequence, on a first-come, first-served basis, and those who agreed to participate. Mothers visiting the Pediatric and Well Baby Clinic within the PHC centers for immunization of their children (under 2 years old) may have been disproportionately selected by this sampling method. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS with univariate analysis on each question and use of chi-square, exploring mothers' reasons and practices of vitamin use. Results: In our survey, most mothers (62.3%) believed that the best age of giving multivitamins to their children is in the 1st year of life. Twenty-five percent (25%) believed giving at 2 years old is best. Forty-five percent (45%) believed that multivitamins are good for both boys and girls, whereas 33.5% believed that only girls needed it, and 21% believed that only boys need multivitamins. Mothers who believed that children need multivitamins in the first year of life were 2.3 times more likely to give multivitamins to their children than mothers who believed that multivitamins are important after the first year of life. Mothers who believed that their children benefit most from multivitamins in the first year of life were 1.85 times more likely to give them multivitamins to help increase their weight and physical development. Conclusion: Mothers who know foods containing vitamins are 3 times more likely to give multivitamins to their children. In this study, there is no significant difference between the opinions of mothers giving and not giving multivitamins to increase appetite for physical development beyond the first year of life or prevent diseases or for children with chronic illnesses. Others knowledgeable about foods containing multivitamins were similar to mothers who had no knowledge of buying and preparing foods at home.

Background: Dental caries formation is highly prevented by applying pit and fissure sealant but was associated with microleakage and secondary caries formation. Aim and Objectives: To synthesize novel pit and fissure sealant with green synthesized silver nanoparticles and evaluation of antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done using beetroot, characterized using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared), EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis), and Scanned Electron Microscope Analysis. A novel pit and fissure sealant was made by incorporating synthesized Ag nanoparticles and hydrophilic nature from Ultra seal XT Hydro. Using amoxicillin as a control, an agar well diffusion method was used to conduct an antimicrobial test for a new sealant against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutants, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans in Muller Hinton Agar \((n=3)\) for each organism. Result: Zone of inhibition was measured, showing statistically significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans with the ZOI value \(21mm \pm 2mm\) at \(100\mu l\) concentration of Ag nanoparticles in sealant material. Conclusion: Novel Hydrophilic pit and fissure sealant with Ag nanoparticles are potentially antibacterial against the cariogenic microorganism. Thus, it can be utilized for the better efficiency of topical pit and fissure sealant preventive therapy.

The current study aimed to reveal the indicators of honesty and stability of an Arabised version of the remorse management scale prepared by [1] among divorced women in the Saudi environment. The study sample consisted of 150 divorced women in the city of Riyadh. The psychometric characteristics of the scale were verified, where the results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the structure of the scale consisted of six first-order factors on which all paragraphs of the scale were saturated and also showed the presence of good conformity indicators for the scale through the data of the study sample, with all indicators of conformity quality in the ideal range. Moreover, all of the values of the correlation coefficients between the degree of each paragraph of the scale and the total degree of the dimension are statistically significant at the level of significance (0.01), indicating the scale's internal consistency. The stability indicators (Cronbach alpha) ranged between 0.715 and 0.877, with the stability coefficient of the half-fraction corrected using the Spearman-Brown equation for the dimensions of the scale between 0.704 and 0.872, and the values of the stability coefficients through the Cronbach alpha method for each dimension of the scale decreased when each item was deleted from the vocabulary, which indicates the importance of keeping all paragraphs of the scale. The previous results indicate that the scale of managing the feeling of regret has appropriate indicators of honesty and stability among divorced women in Riyadh.

Background: Although the evidence was conflicting, earlier studies suggested that aquatic therapy (AT) may improve balance and mobility in people with spinal cord injuries (SCI). This population's comprehensive review and meta-analysis aimed to assess how AT affected mobility and balance. Methods: We thoroughly searched the most extensive databases to find pertinent observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) contrasting AT with control therapies. After extracting data, two impartial reviewers evaluated the quality of the study. Using a random-effects model, the mean difference (MD) in balance and mobility improvement was determined. \(I^{2}\) statistics were used to evaluate heterogeneity. Outcomes: The evaluation contained six studies. AT was considerably improved, as evidenced by the pooled MD for gait improvement of \(-0.33 (95% CI: -0.45 to -0.21)\). Additionally demonstrating a substantial effect of AT was the pooled MD for mobility improvement, which was \(-0.22 (95% CI: -0.42 to -0.02)\). On the other hand, the mobility data showed significant heterogeneity \((I^{2} = 72\%)\). Conclusion: The results imply that AT may considerably enhance movement and balance in people with SCI. The general results favor integrating assistive technology (AT) into rehabilitation programs for patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI), notwithstanding considerable variation in the research, especially about mobility. More investigation is required to investigate the causes of heterogeneity and enhance AT methods.

Background and objectives: Ear infections are a serious public health issue in developing countries. Gram-positive and gram-negative Bacteria are both capable of developing biofilms on medical equipment and earphones; however, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis are the most prevalent types and may involve in ear infections. Since there was no such study in our region about ear set association with biofilm formation in patients with ear infections, this study was accomplished. The aim of the study: Therefore, this study was suggested in order to evaluate the relationship between the continuous use of Ear set with biofilm formation and ear infections among handlers. Patients, Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Kirkuk City (The urban region only) from the 15th of January 2023 to the 23rd of May 2023, done on a total number of (168) participants. The total number of the patients who were Ear set users enrolled for the current study was (120), divided into two groups including (60 patients with biofilm positive (including 27 male and 33 female patients respectively) and 60 patients with biofilm negative (including 23 male and 37 female patients separately), with age, ranged from 20 to 60 years old, who were attended at Kirkuk Teaching Hospital. The control group (non-Ear set users) of the presented study was a total number of (48) including (18) males and (30) females. The serological tests included: the estimation of Human GR, SOD, and MDA antioxidants levels through using of the ELISA technique for all the participants, and the biochemical tests included measuring Vitamin D3 levels by using the iChromaTM technique, while the microbial tests were done through using of VITEK 2 compact system. Biofilm formation was detected by using the Congo red agar method. All the steps of methods are conducted based on the manufacturer's instructions. The bacterial growth among the patients group was (22.5%) of Staphylococcus aureus and (14.16%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the control group revealed (8.33 %) of Staphylococcus aureus and (4.16%) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The age range (20-30) years showed the highest rates among the infected patients, with male patients being more vulnerable to the infections. The mean levels of vitamin D3, human GR, SOD, and MDA decreased significantly in patients in matching to control groups. Conclusions: As a conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are more prevalent agents involved in ear infections. Male patients are more susceptible patients to contracting ear infections. Vitamin D3, Human GR, SOD, and MDA antioxidants levels decline in patients with ear infections.

The buffering capacity of saliva is a crucial function that serves multiple purposes. The normal pH of saliva is 6.3, and the buffering capacity of saliva maintains it above 5.5, thereby preventing demineralization. In this study, we evaluate the buffering capacity of saliva post-consumption of normal and probiotic yogurt. Therefore, the study's objective was to estimate saliva's buffering capacity among the 17-21-year-old population post-probiotic yogurt and regular yogurt consumption. The buffering capacity of saliva was tested using the Ericsson method (1959), where 0.5 mL of saliva was mixed with 1.5 mL of 5 mmol/L HCl. The mixture was mixed aggressively, centrifuged for a minute, and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. The baseline mean salivary buffering capacity of plain yogurt was \(5.70\pm 0.42\), and after 15 days, it decreased to \(4.50\pm 0.70\), then it gradually increased to \(5.35\pm0.77\) after 30 days of follow-up. The baseline mean salivary buffering capacity of probiotic yogurt was \(2.90\pm 0.42\), and after 15 days, it increased to \(4.05\pm 0.21\) then it increased further to \(5.10\pm 0.28\) after 30 days of follow-up. Probiotic yogurt reduces the incidence of dental caries by preventing demineralization of the enamel surface caused by reduced pH levels (acidic pH). However, it is seen that the buffering capacity of saliva does not significantly increase after the consumption of probiotic yogurt as compared to regular yogurt.

Background: Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements characterized by their elevated density and atomic weight. These elements are present in varying proportions within the Earth's soil and rock formations, their distribution contingent upon geographical location. Heavy metals, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, and mercury, have been identified as substances that can adversely affect the reproductive system. These heavy metals are particularly harmful to the developing fetus. Objective: to assess the hemolytic effect of lead cadmium copper on the erythrocytes of pregnant women and study reduced glutathione concentration in pregnant women with anemia compared with healthy pregnant. Material and method: Blood samples were collected from pregnant women around Kirkuk governorate, Iraq. In addition to 30 samples for glutathione estimation (15 from anemia pregnant women and 15 from control). The study concerns the effect of different concentrations of single metal (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100) mM from Pb, (20, 15,10,5, and 1 ) mM from Cd, and (10, 7, 5, 3 and 1) mM from Cu individually on the erythrocytes hemolysis. Also, this study concerns the effect of the combined metals on the hemolysis of erythrocytes, which represent double (Cd: Pb) ,(Pb: Cu) &(Cd: Cu), and triple (Pb:Cd: Cu) metals with different concentrations on erythrocytes hemolysis. Glutathione concentration estimated in three trimesters in pregnant with anemia compared to healthy pregnant Results: The results showed that the hemolysis achieved by accessing the concentration of the metals, with (100) mM pb the range of hemolysis is between (94-96)% of the three trimesters, with (20) mM Cd the range of hemolysis is between (89-99)% of the three trimesters and (10) mM Cu the range of hemolysis is between (65-76)% of 3 trimesters, effect of the metals in first trimester Cd(99%)\(>>\)Pb(94%)\(>>\)Cu(65%), second trimester Cd(97%)\(>>\)Pb( 96\%)\(>>\)Cu(76%) and third trimester Pb(96\%)$>>$Cd(89\%)$>>$Cu(72\%). The levels of GSH that there were indicated non-significant ( p\(\geq\) 0.05) difference in all patients and subdivided trimesters compared to the control.

Background: Tobacco happens to be as old as human civilization since the cultivation of tobacco plants, nicotiana rustica, and nicotiana tabacum, dates back to 8000 years before the American Indians spread that. Smoking tobacco discloses the consumer to more than 7000 chemicals, of which almost 250 and nearly 69 chemicals were proven to be harmful and carcinogenic correspondingly. A particular tribal community is called Narikuravars, which is partially a nomadic group that was present across the borders and has been interpreted with low educational levels, low socio-economic status, and a dearth of pertinent access to health care. Aim: To assess the attitudes towards smoking and quitting among smokers in tribal gypsies population dwelling from Chennai. Materials and methods: An in-depth interview for 15 current smokers and a focus group discussion of 15 current smokers were conducted with a guide and moderator, which was audio recorded. About 9, 13, and 68 subjects from primary, middle, and high school literates participated in the study. Their tobacco consumption and dependence using the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence scale (FTNDS) was assessed. Results: High nicotine dependency was observed among 80% of middle school and 62% of primary school literates. Similarly, a Low dependency rate was observed among primary and high school literate with a rate of 40% and 20%, respectively. All the participants were aware of the health effects of tobacco, which affects the lungs and causes cancer. Some of them have had their relatives and known people who had suffered from cancer due to smoking. However, they had no knowledge or idea about COTPA. Conclusion: An interdisciplinary approach is required to prevent tobacco usage along with the government's support by introducing new schemes and programs and creating awareness about the ill effects of tobacco usage. Hence, tribal gypsy people should be educated about the consequences of smoking, and multiple cessation programs are to be conducted for the betterment of their lifestyle.

During a cholecystectomy, cystic duct anatomical variation mostly transpires might experience. Understanding the complex anatomy of the cystic duct and cholecystitis junction is crucial before undergoing biliary surgery to prevent severe ductal damage. This article highlights two unusual cases of irregular cystic duct, i.e., cystic duct narrow-wide and low lateral insertion. The first case was of a 66-year-old male patient having chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. The aberrant cystic duct entry was thought to be rapid and heading into the correct hepatic duct during surgery. Multiple calculi were discovered after more investigation of the common and proper hepatic ducts. Following the completion of the cholecystectomy, the standard and right hepatic ducts were drained using T-tubes. The two T-tubes were found in the cystic and common hepatic ducts, respectively, according to postoperative T-tube cholangiography. The distal choledochus residual stones were removed six weeks later by cholangioscopy through the T-tube's sinus tract. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the second case of a 44-year-old woman exposed to a lengthy cystic duct with a small and bent-in lumen. The cholecystectomy was done openly on the patient. Both of the patients recovered. The approach described by the authors for identifying structural changes in the cystic duct is preoperative or MRCP or ERCP, as well as intraoperative cholangiography or cholangioscopy.