Background: Disease outbreaks remain a major public health challenge in India, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Strengthening outbreak surveillance is essential for early detection, timely response and prevention of epidemic-prone diseases. This study analyzed outbreak surveillance data reported in India during 2021–2025 to assess temporal trends, disease patterns, geographical distribution and mortality burden. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive epidemiological study was conducted using secondary data obtained from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), Government of India. All reported outbreaks/events from January 2021 to December 2025 were included. Data on outbreaks, cases, deaths, disease categories and State/Union Territory-wise distribution were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and case fatality rates (CFRs). Results: A total of 8,882 outbreaks/events, 321,184 cases and 1,843 deaths were reported during the study period, with an overall CFR of 0.57%. Outbreaks increased from 726 in 2021 to a peak of 3,020 in 2024 before declining to 2,285 in 2025. Acute diarrheal disease was the leading contributor to outbreak burden [2,609 outbreaks (29.4%)], case burden (106,348 cases) and mortality burden (384 deaths), followed by food poisoning (1,023 outbreaks) and dengue (743 outbreaks). Acute encephalitic syndrome caused 369 deaths with a CFR of 40.86%, while human rabies exhibited a CFR of 100%. Kerala reported the highest outbreak burden (1,207 outbreaks), whereas Gujarat recorded the highest mortality burden (362 deaths). Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases accounted for 159 outbreaks, 1,585 cases and 30 deaths, with Zika virus disease and monkeypox being the most frequently reported emerging infections. Conclusion: India continues to face a substantial burden of communicable disease outbreaks, predominantly due to water-borne, food-borne and vector-borne diseases. However, a disproportionate share of mortality is attributable to high-fatality conditions such as acute encephalitic syndrome, rabies, Japanese encephalitis and emerging infections. Strengthening surveillance, laboratory capacity, outbreak preparedness and One Health approaches is essential to reduce outbreak-related morbidity and mortality.