Background: Aggression among medical students is an underexplored but critical issue that can affect academic performance, peer relationships, and future professional behavior. This study aimed to assess levels of aggression and explore its association with key demographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial variables among MBBS students at Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992) via a structured Google Form. A total of 202 undergraduate medical students, spanning first to fourth year (Batch 1–4), participated. Variables assessed included gender, age group, type of family, sleep duration, alcohol and smoking habits, exercise, meditation, music listening, romantic relationship status, and internet use. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and descriptive statistics using Epi Info version 7 software. Results: The mean total aggression score was 123.97 (SD = 16.16). Males scored significantly higher than females (p = 0.011), and students in a romantic relationship exhibited greater aggression (p = 0.042). A significant variation was observed across academic years (p < 0.001), with 2nd and 4th year students showing the highest scores. Sleep duration was significantly associated with aggression (p = 0.002); students sleeping <6 hours had the lowest scores, whereas those sleeping 6–8 hours or >8 hours had higher aggression levels. Other variables such as type of family, alcohol/smoking habits, exercise, meditation, and music showed no statistically significant associations. Conclusion: Aggression in medical students appears influenced by gender, relationship status, academic year, and sleep patterns, underscoring the need for psychological screening and targeted wellness interventions within medical curricula. While some lifestyle factors showed no significant associations, their observed trends merit further exploration in larger and more diverse samples.

Background: Photostress test can be employed to differentiate between retinal (macular) and post-retinal disease, which affect the optic nerve. Finding a suitable tool is crucial to the test since recovery time impacts on the brightness of the instrument used to measure it. This study aims to find an effective and user-friendly tool for estimating photostress recovery time and to define standardized photostress applications for incorporation into clinical practice. Methods: The participants visual acuity, color vision, and contrast sensitivity were assessed. A total of 96 participants (48 for emmetrope and 48 for refractive error) were analysed. The 48 refractive error participants were divided in to 3 groups for evaluation using 3 different tools (Penlight, ophthalmoscope, and smartphone camera light). Results: The gender distribution showed homogeneity. Colour vision and contrast sensitivity were normal for everyone. Evaluation with penlight method, the recovery 1 and recovery 2 of emmetrope and refractive error groups showed (P = 0.103) and (P = 0.207). With smart phone light, recovery 1 and recovery 2 of emmetrope and refractive error groups showed (P = 0.211) and (P = 0.735). With ophthalmoscope, recovery 1 and recovery 2 were (P = 0.107) and (P = 0.415). Result from recovery 1 and recovery 2 of all the diagnostic tools were not statistically significant, showing all are acceptable. Conclusion: According to this study, the three tools' recovery times differ relatively little from one another. Consequently, all three of these instruments can be used to measure PSRT in a clinical setting.

Objectives: Establishing vascular access is essential in the management of critically ill patients. Intraosseous (IO) access involves inserting a specialized needle into the bone to deliver medications and fluids or collect lab samples and is particularly valuable when intravenous access is challenging or time sensitive. Objective: This study aimed to assess the frequency of IO access use during adult resuscitation and to identify barriers encountered by physicians across different specialties and training levels in Saudi Arabia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey distributed via email to eligible physicians between March 2023 and March 2024. The survey targeted physicians from both public and private hospitals, including those in Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care, General Surgery, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology, and Family Medicine, across all training levels. Results: A total of 231 healthcare providers participated, with a mean age of 26.1±12.8 years. There were 123 (53.2%) males and 108 (46.8%) females. Interns comprised the largest group by specialty (39.8%) and training level (57.6%). Of the included participants, 110 (47.6%) had ever inserted an IO needle, 105 (45.9%) received hands-on IO training, and 127 (55%) candidates received didactic IO teaching. Participation in adult resuscitation varied, with 37.2% involved in 1–10 cases and 7.8% in more than 100. While 75.8% emphasized the importance of rapid vascular access, only 41.1% were confident in using IO. Overall, 74% demonstrated good awareness and perception of IO use. Awareness was significantly higher among those with didactic teaching 80.3% vs. 66.3%, p = .016), hands-on training (79% vs. 71%, p = .048), and experience in 51–100 real-life resuscitations (90% vs. 73.6%, p = .046). Conclusion: Despite its critical importance, IO access remains underutilized in adult resuscitation in Saudi Arabia. The findings highlight the need for improved education and hands-on training, especially given the challenges of establishing vascular access in patients with burns, edema, obesity, or a history of IV drug use

This study explores the application of blockchain technology in the healthcare sector, specifically focusing on its potential to enhance data security, transparency, interoperability and operational efficiency. The research follows the IMRaD structure, with the Introduction presenting blockchain's significance in transforming healthcare by addressing challenges such as data breaches, counterfeit drugs and inefficiencies in insurance claims. The Methodology section details an empirical approach, collecting primary data from 630 respondents using judgmental sampling, with the analysis focusing on demographic factors like age, gender, educational qualification and work experience. The Results highlight varying levels of awareness about blockchain’s applications in healthcare, with younger and male respondents showing higher familiarity. Furthermore, the study identifies major benefits, such as improved interoperability, secure patient data management and transparency in drug traceability, along with challenges like high implementation costs and the need for clear regulatory frameworks. The Discussion emphasizes the importance of digital connectivity and the integration of blockchain with cloud computing and edge technologies, while also recommending the adoption of a unified national health ID and collaboration between public and private sectors for effective implementation. The Conclusion suggests that while blockchain holds transformative potential for healthcare, addressing technological, regulatory and financial challenges is crucial for widespread adoption. This study contributes to the growing body of research on blockchain in healthcare and offers policy and technological recommendations for fostering its successful integration into India's healthcare system.

Background: Ocular trauma is a leading cause of vision impairment, yet medical students often lack comprehensive training in ocular first aid. This study evaluates the knowledge and preparedness of medical students regarding ocular trauma causes, symptoms, and first aid practices. Purpose: To assess medical students' awareness of ocular trauma, identify knowledge gaps, and evaluate their preparedness to manage ocular emergencies. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 455 medical students from various academic years. Participants were asked about their awareness of ocular trauma causes, symptoms requiring immediate medical attention, and first aid practices. Data were analysed to identify trends and knowledge gaps. Results: The sample had nearly equal gender distribution (50.55% males, 49.45% females), with most students aged 18-22 years (60%) and in their fourth or internship year (56.49%). Awareness was high for chemical exposure (56.70%) and foreign bodies (53.41%) but lower for road traffic accidents (29.89%) and sports injuries (24.61%). While 65.27% recognized vision loss as urgent, fewer identified eye movement limitation (32.09%) and pupil changes (36.70%). Only 21.54% had specific ocular first aid training, and 45.94% felt unprepared. Misconceptions were common, such as removing embedded objects (22.42%). Workshops (63.3%) and hands-on simulations were preferred for improving preparedness. Conclusion: The study reveals significant gaps in medical students' knowledge and preparedness regarding ocular trauma management. Misconceptions and insufficient training highlight the need for improved ocular trauma education, including targeted curriculum revisions and hands-on training to enhance student confidence and preparedness.

Objectives: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic and prevalent gastrointestinal disorder that significantly impairs quality of life, particularly in Saudi Arabia, where dietary and lifestyle patterns contribute to its high incidence. While pharmacologic therapies are commonly used, concerns about side effects and patient dependence have prompted the need for effective non-pharmacological alternatives. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of culturally relevant dietary modifications in alleviating GERD symptoms and enhancing overall well-being. Methods: A prospective, pre-post intervention study was conducted involving 47 adult participants with self-reported GERD symptoms. The intervention included avoidance of dietary triggers (e.g., fatty/spicy foods, caffeine), adopting smaller and more frequent meals and avoiding recumbency within 2–3 hours post-meal over a four-week period. Symptom severity, quality of life and lifestyle behaviors were evaluated using structured questionnaires before and after the intervention. Adherence and participant perceptions were also assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25, applying Wilcoxon signed-rank, Chi-square and ordinal regression tests, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The intervention led to statistically significant improvements in the frequency and severity of key GERD symptoms, including heartburn, regurgitation, chest discomfort and nighttime reflux (p<0.001). Participants also reported marked improvements in quality of life indicators, such as sleep quality, mood and enjoyment of meals. No significant association was found between symptom improvement and demographic or lifestyle variables such as age, BMI, or smoking status. High levels of participant satisfaction and adherence were observed, with over 80% willing to recommend the approach to others. Conclusion: Dietary modification is a safe, effective and culturally adaptable strategy for managing GERD symptoms and improving quality of life. This approach holds promise as a first-line or adjunctive therapy in GERD management, especially in regions with high prevalence and lifestyle-related risk factors. Further large-scale and long-term studies are recommended to reinforce these findings and support integration into national dietary and clinical guidelines.

Background: Eczema, an inflammatory skin disorder, represents the most prevalent dermatological condition in Saudi Arabia. The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is widespread among individuals with eczema; however, research investigating its application remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the use of CAM among patients in the Tabuk Region. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tabuk region from April to May 2023, involving 385 adult participants selected via a non-probability sampling method. Data were collected using a structured web-based questionnaire, designed based on two previous studies on CAM and reviewed by three consultant dermatologists. Written consent was obtained from all participants prior to their completion of the online questionnaire and data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: Participants with eczema reported increased comfort in utilizing CAM, significantly influenced by the support of family members, coaches and peers. All respondents indicated either slight or significant improvements in their condition, with the most notable responses observed in the 30-49 age group experiencing neck and nail lesions. CAM demonstrated particular efficacy among patients with atopic dermatitis when compared to other eczema types. Conclusions: Patients with eczema in the Tabuk Region exhibited a positive perception of CAM, with most reporting slight to significant improvements, particularly in cases of atopic dermatitis and lesions on the neck and nails. Further research is warranted to investigate the efficacy and safety of various forms of alternative medicine.

Background: Titanium and its alloys are widely used in biomedical implants due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. However, prolonged exposure to physiological environments such as Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) can lead to surface degradation and corrosion, compromising implant performance. Objective: This study aimed to enhance the corrosion resistance, bioactivity and antimicrobial properties of titanium implants by applying a polydopamine (PDA) coating embedded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: Titanium samples were first coated with PDA via self-polymerization, followed by silver nanoparticle deposition through sputtering. Surface characterization was carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical corrosion behavior was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Results: EDX confirmed the successful deposition of Ag on the PDA-coated titanium surface along with elements such as Al, K, O, Ca, C and Ti. FTIR spectra showed characteristic Ti-O-Ti and Ti-O bonds in uncoated samples. Potentiodynamic analysis revealed an improvement in corrosion resistance, with a positive shift in corrosion potential from -0.44 V to -0.29 V and a reduction in corrosion current density from 5.72×10⁻⁵ A/cm² to 2.68×10⁻⁶ A/cm². EIS demonstrated increased phase angles, indicating better barrier properties. Additionally, enhanced CaP deposition on the coated surface suggests improved biointegration. Conclusion: PDA-AgNP coatings significantly improve the corrosion resistance and bioactivity of titanium implants. This surface modification holds promise for extending implant longevity while promoting osseointegration and antimicrobial efficacy.

Background: Understanding the prevalence and nature of surgical outcomes and complications in TNBC and HER2-Positive breast cancer patients can guide clinicians in optimizing treatment strategies, improving postoperative care and ultimately enhancing the overall quality of care for breast cancer patients. This research aims to evaluate and compare the prevalence of various surgical outcomes and postoperative complications in patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and HER2-Positive Breast Cancer who have undergone Neoadjuvant Therapy (NAT). Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving a cohort of TNBC and HER2-positive breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgical intervention. Patient data, including demographics, tumor characteristics, type of neoadjuvant therapy administered, surgical outcomes (e.g., extent of surgery, lymph node involvement) and postoperative complications (e.g., surgical site infections, wound dehiscence, hematoma formation), were collected and analyzed. The prevalence of these outcomes and complications was assessed and compared between those who received NAT and those who didn’t receive it. Results: The prevalence of TNBC was 13.1% and HER2-positive breast Cancer was 38.6%. It was observed that re-excision was independently associated with patients who did not undergo neoadjuvant therapy (p<0.05). About 16.6% had Extensive complication rates and flap necrosis was seen in 5.5% of patients. Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights into the surgical management of TNBC and HER2-positive breast cancer patients following neoadjuvant therapy. It is essential to consider a comprehensive evaluation of individual patient cases and consult with healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about treatment strategies for triple-negative breast cancer patients.

Introduction: Uncontrolled bleeding increases the risk of morbidity and consequences during dental surgery; thus, it's critical to be prepared to handle and treat these situations should they arise. During tooth extraction surgery, bleeding is a frequent symptom and can be caused by a few conditions, including hepatitis, hemophilia, high blood pressure and other illnesses. Several treatment plans, including pressure packs, sutures, antifibrinolytic medicines, plasma-rich platelets, fibrin sealant dressings and powder clots, have been employed to control complications following surgery. Objectives: To evaluate dental students, interns and practitioners in Saudi Arabia about their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding managing bleeding after tooth extraction Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between July 2024 to February 2025. Our questionnaire was developed after rigorous Author TAA did the Conceptualization, searched for articles of a similar kind. A total of 22 statements were used. All data were loaded into an Excel sheet and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. A chi-square test was conducted. A significance threshold of p<0.05 was applied. Results: In a study evaluating the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the management of bleeding post-tooth extraction among dental students, interns and dentists in Saudi Arabia, 394 participants were surveyed. The mean age was 24.7 years, predominantly female (50.3%) and mainly from the Southern Region (49.0%). While 64.21% rated their knowledge of dental awareness for bleeding disorders as high, only 41.9% felt confident in their understanding of bleeding management. Notably, 45.9% demonstrated a strong grasp of appropriate strategies, yet 23.1% had low knowledge levels, underscoring the need for enhanced educational initiatives. Statistically significant correlations were found between knowledge and factors including gender, region, academic year and GPA. Conclusion: While our study indicates a solid foundational understanding of bleeding management among dental students, interns and practitioners in Saudi Arabia, it also highlights significant gaps that necessitate targeted educational interventions.

Objectives: UTIs are a common bacterial illness, often treated by doctors. However, antibiotic misuse increases the likelihood of resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to determine the frequency of UTI-causing microorganisms and their susceptibility to antibiotics, as these bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobial medicines. This study aims to identify prevalent uropathogens in Diyala governorate's urine samples, evaluate their resistance against antibiotics, and guide empirical therapy for urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: Between February 2024 and April 2024, 100 urine samples were taken from patients who visited the Teaching Albatool Hospital and the Teaching Ba'aqubah Hospital as part of this prospective study. Vitek Compact 2 devices were used to confirm the bacterial pathogens that were identified using bacteriological culture techniques. The disc diffusion method was used to test for antibacterial susceptibility. Results: Seventy of the 100 samples exhibited a positive culture. Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli 24 (34.3%), Klebsiella pneumonia 10 (14.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (13; 18.5%), Aeromonas hydrophila 8 (11.4%), Proteus mirabilis 9 (12.9%), and S. saprophyticus 6 (8.6%), were the most common bacterial pathogens. Antibiotic resistance was elevated in the isolated Uropathogen. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli showed the highest levels of antibiotic resistance. Imipenem, Meropenem, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Cefotaxime, and Ceftriaxone Both ampicillin and sulbactam Gentamicin, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, and Piperacillin-Tazobactam Conclusions: The findings emphasised the emergence of bacteria that are highly resistant to most of the tested medications and recommended that physicians adjust their treatment regimens in light of antimicrobial susceptibility findings.

Introduction: Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin with various important functions. It regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption, promoting bone health and growth. It also modulates the immune system, influences cell growth and differentiation and has effects on neuromuscular and cardiovascular function. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to conditions like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Natural sources include fatty fish, cod liver oil, egg yolks and fortified foods. The recommended daily intake ranges from 400 to 800 IU. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This is an observational cross-sectional study conducted among adults aged 18 and above at Saudi Arabia by Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding vitamin D questionnaire it consistent of 47 questions and divided into 5 sections: demographic information, general knowledge, nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice, it was sharing among the adults aged 18 and above in Saudi Arabia. A total of 377 Saudi adults from different regions participated in this study. Data were tabulated in the Microsoft Excel program (2016) and data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding vitamin D deficiency among 383 adults in Saudi Arabia. Findings revealed that while 87.7% recognized the risks of indoor work and 86.9% acknowledged the elderly's vulnerability, only 8.9% demonstrated high nutritional knowledge about vitamin D. A significant 54.8% attributed urbanization to limited sun exposure, with 91.2% acknowledging the challenges faced by indoor workers. Despite high general knowledge levels (63.7%), only 30.5% exhibited strong practices related to vitamin D intake. Notably, educational level significantly influenced both knowledge and attitudes, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions. Conclusion: While the present study highlights a commendable level of general knowledge about vitamin D among adults in Saudi Arabia, it also underscores significant gaps in nutritional awareness and practical application of this knowledge.

Introduction: This article discusses cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. Cardiovascular diseases are a broad term that is involved in all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. For example, myocardial infarction, stroke and angina. Several studies have been done on this topic in Saudi Arabia covering Acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction in knowledge, awareness and attitude levels. There are many risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, unhealthy food, hypertension, diabetes, poor exercise and obesity. Cardiovascular diseases are a worldwide issue, almost a third of all deaths globally from cardiovascular diseases. So, it is important to raise knowledge and awareness about cardiovascular diseases to reduce the number of deaths and increase life expectancy. Objective: The study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors among the Saudi population. Methodology: This is an observational cross-sectional study conducted between July 2024 to February 2025 in Saudi Arabia. The study involved distributing the questionnaire form online to people in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assess the population's knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. The inclusion criteria are males and females in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who are 18 years old or older. Excluded individuals who were younger than 18 years and not in Saudi Arabia. The Raosoft sample size calculator was used to calculate the sample size. The minimum target sample size that was determined is 384, with an indicator percentage of 0.50, a margin of error of 5% and a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Results: The study included a sample of 432 Saudi participants. The findings indicate that 74.5% of respondents possess a high level of awareness regarding CVD, with 85.4% correctly identifying hypertension and 94.2% recognizing smoking as a risk factors. However, 26.4% were uncertain about diabetes’ role, highlighting a knowledge gap. Additionally, nearly half (48.8%) exhibited high knowledge levels, yet 51.2% demonstrated moderate to low understanding, emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions. Significant relationships were noted between awareness and educational levels, as well as knowledge and marital status. Conclusion: our study highlights crucial gaps in the knowledge and awareness of cardiovascular diseases among the Saudi population. Although awareness of certain risk factors appears high, the depth of knowledge remains insufficient to translate this awareness into effective personal health behavior modifications.

Background: Back pain is a leading cause of disability globally, often requiring surgical intervention when conservative treatments fail. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between pain and functional disability among candidates for back surgery in Erbil, Iraq, while exploring associated sociodemographic and clinical factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Hawler Teaching Hospital from September 2024 to March 2025. Using purposive sample, four parts of questionnaires. Pain intensity was assessed with the Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT) and functional disability was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The data was analyzed through using SPSS, Version 27. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression were used to analyze and relationship between pain and functional disability. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The samples consisted of 103 participants, majority of them (87.4%) complaining with severe pain (Mean±SD score: 8.43±1.87) and 61.2% being completely disabled (Mean±SD score: 35.74±7.72). A moderate positive correlation was found between pain and disability levels (r = 0.30, p<0.001), A significant positive correlation was observed between pain intensity and functional disability (r = 0.30, p<0.001). A regression analysis found that disability level was the only strongly significant predictor (β = 0.99, p<0.001) of the outcome (likely pain), with higher disability linked to worse results. Conclusions: The study demonstrates a significant positive correlation between pain severity and disability levels in back surgery candidates, with disability being the strongest predictor of pain intensity while demographic and clinical factors showed no significant influence. Healthcare providers should prioritize disability assessment and management alongside traditional pain interventions, while policymakers should develop guidelines that incorporate functional improvement strategies as a primary approach to reduce pain burden in this patient population.

Occipital Nerve Blocks (ONBs) are a common treatment for chronic cluster headaches; however, data on their long-term complications remain limited. This case report highlights a rare complication of suboccipital muscle atrophy after repeated ONBs in patients with chronic cluster headaches. Both patients, unresponsive to multiple pharmacological treatments, exhibited typical cluster headache symptoms such as severe periorbital pain, lacrimation and rhinorrhea, while brain and cervical spine imaging appeared normal. Each received ONBs with bupivacaine and triamcinolone, resulting in temporary relief for several months. However, after a second ONB cycle, both patients developed suboccipital muscle atrophy, which was confirmed by ultrasound. These cases suggest a potential link between repeated ONBs and suboccipital muscle atrophy, emphasizing the need for clinicians to be mindful of this rare complication. Alternative interventional strategies or preventive measures may be warranted in managing chronic cluster headaches to mitigate this risk.

Background: Pediatric eye health is vital for overall development and early intervention can prevent long-term vision issues. University students, especially in health and education fields, offer key insights into improving awareness and prevention strategies. Purpose: This study assessed university students’ views on the importance of preventive eye health education, related challenges and effective approaches for educating parents and teachers. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted at Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia, from September 15, 2024, to January 15, 2025. Using random sampling, 482 students aged 18 and above were selected. Data was collected via online and in-person questionnaires and analyzed using STATA/SE 11.2. Results were expressed as frequencies, percentages and Mean±SD. The Shapiro-Wilk test assessed score distribution. Group comparisons used the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: Among 482 students, 62.86% were aged 18-22 and 68.46% were male. While 55.39% had formal eye health education, awareness levels varied: 29.25% were very aware, 34.23% somewhat aware and 11.62% unaware. Although 67% acknowledged the importance of educating parents and teachers, only 34.85% felt the topic was adequately covered in their curriculum. Older students and males showed significantly higher awareness (p = 0.02, p = 0.002). Main barriers included lack of awareness (59.13%) and limited resources (30.29%). Suggested improvements included curriculum integration (48.34%) and digital tools (43.57%). Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of preventive eye health education for parents and teachers. It also highlights gaps in current awareness and training. Addressing these issues through structured educational interventions can empower parents and teachers to promote pediatric eye health. Additionally, integrating preventive eye health strategies into the curriculum, utilizing digital education and fostering community engagement could enhance public awareness and help reduce childhood visual impairment.

Aims and Objectives: To assess attitudes and perceptions towards plagiarism in academic writing among medical students of NBU across the academic years and gender in KSA. Methods: A self-designed pre-validated questionnaire based on earlier studies related to our research questionnaire was administered.as Google form to the participants who volunteered to take part in the study. A seminar on the research topic was conducted to create awareness about the research topic Results: A total of 72 Responses were received, out of which 46[63.9%] are males while 26[36.1%] were females. Age distribution was as follows 18 years-2[2.7%], 19 years-11[15.3%], 20 years-18[25%], 21 years-25[34.7%], 22 years-16[22.2%] and responses according to academic level is First year-0[0%], Second year-14[19.44%], Third year-16[22.22%], Fourth year-28[38.8%], Fifth year-8[11.1%] and Sixth year-6[8.3%] and all students were of Saudi nationality. The p-value is [>0.05] as for gender, age and year of study responses. Discussion: Plagiarism is an issue that is quickly spreading and has negative effects on learning, relationships between students and staff, barriers between peers, and institutional integrity. The academic and scientific communities have recently been particularly interested in issues of scientific misconduct and academic dishonesty Conclusion: The present study suggests the awareness, perception and attitudes of students regards to Plagiarism are below the expected level.

Background: Several studies have been conducted in Saudi Arabia on seasonal influenza using adult populations, while limited studies have focused on parents' knowledge of the disease and vaccine, as well as their attitudes and practices toward vaccinating their children against influenza. Therefore, this study investigates the factors that would drive parents to vaccinate their children against influenza. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia. A simple random sampling method surveyed 404 Saudi parents with at least one child aged six months or older at the time of data collection, from July 1, 2024, to December 17, 2024, using a self-administered questionnaire. The University of Tabuk IRB approved the study (HAP-07-TU-00) and electronic consent was sought from each participant. R was used for statistical analyses, generating odds ratios interpreted with p<0.05 as the baseline metric. Results: The predictors of overall parental knowledge of influenza were complications (AdjOR = 1.806) and transmission through coughing and sneezing (AdjOR = 0.207). Among fathers, linking influenza with severe disease increased the odds (AdjOR = 3.997), while recognizing coughing and sneezing as transmission modes decreased them (AdjOR = 0.056). Vaccine safety, recommendations for children (AdjOR = 5.130) and administration (AdjOR = 2.051) were strongly associated with vaccine knowledge. While the mothers’ model included vaccine timing (AdjOR = 0.729), fathers had higher odds of recognizing vaccine safety (AdjOR = 22.044). Both mothers (AdjOR = 7.091) and fathers (AdjOR = 4.350) showed significant associations with vaccine administration, while attitude strongly predicted vaccination plans (AdjOR = 5.126). Conclusion: Parents in Tabuk City have a higher knowledge of influenza and its vaccine, with mothers showing greater knowledge compared to fathers. Factors influencing overall knowledge of influenza disease include its severity, association with serious complications and mode of transmission. Factors influencing knowledge of the influenza vaccine include safety, cohort awareness, recommendations for chronic diseases, vaccine timing and mode of administration. A positive attitude positively influences the vaccination rate.

Light therapy, also referred to as Bright Light Therapy (BLT), has emerged as an important intervention for depression, particularly in its application to both seasonal and non-seasonal Major Depressive Disorders (MDD). The study, approved by the institutional ethical committee, utilized a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. A total of 20 participants (aged 18-59) were recruited from outpatient and inpatient settings using non-probability purposive sampling. Participants were categorized into mild to severe depression, based on Beck’s Depression Inventory and BMI standards. Ten participants were assigned to the experimental group and ten to the control group. Inclusion criteria required participants to be literate in Tamil and English, while exclusion criteria excluded those with ophthalmic, neurological, dermatological issues, severe psychotic disorders, critical illness, or non-cooperation. The light therapy study showed significant reductions in depression among the experimental group, with scores decreasing from 19.90 (SD = 3.78) to 14.20 (SD = 2.89), a 5.70-point drop (t = 4.414, p = 0.002). The control group showed minimal change, with scores moving from 19.00 (SD = 5.37) to 18.50 (SD = 5.58), showing no significant difference (t = 2.236, p = 0.052). Additionally, light therapy improved biophysiological parameters like pulse rate, respiratory rate, and serotonin/dopamine levels in the experimental group (p<0.001). The study concluded that light therapy is an effective form of treatment for reducing depression and improvements in biophysiological parameters in the experimental group highlight the effectiveness of light therapy in managing depressive disorders.

Background: The association between modifiable lifestyle behaviors and subjective well-being has gained increasing attention within health informatics and public health research. This study investigates whether self-reported lifestyle variables-including sleep duration, stress level, screen time and other related behaviors-can be used to predict levels of self-perceived happiness using supervised machine learning techniques. Methods: A publicly available dataset comprising responses from 3,000 individuals was analyzed using Orange, a visual, low-code machine learning platform. The outcome variable, happiness score, was discretized into three categories (Low, Moderate, High) to facilitate multi-class classification. Two supervised classifiers-logistic regression and random forest-were trained and evaluated using stratified 5-fold cross-validation. Results: Model performance was limited, with both classifiers achieving prediction accuracies of approximately 33% and F1 scores near 0.33. These outcomes suggest minimal discriminative power of the selected lifestyle features for categorizing subjective happiness levels. Exploratory visual analyses supported the absence of strong trends between individual predictors and the outcome variable. Conclusion: The results indicate that the selected lifestyle variables, when used in isolation, are insufficient for accurately predicting subjective well-being. Nonetheless, the study demonstrates the utility of visual machine learning platforms such as Orange for educational purposes and exploratory analyses in health informatics. Future research should consider incorporating psychological, social and environmental variables to improve model validity and predictive performance.

Background: Prescription painkillers are widely used to manage pain, but their potential for misuse and dependency presents significant public health challenges. Understanding public attitudes and behaviors is essential for guiding preventive strategies. Objective: To explore the relationship between public attitudes toward prescription painkillers and the perceived risk of dependency, including behavioral patterns and demographic influences. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 877 participants in Saudi Arabia was conducted. Data on demographics, painkiller use, awareness of side effects, and dependency-related behaviors were collected. Descriptive statistics and Chi-Square tests (p<0.05) were used to assess associations. Results: The majority of participants (92.1%) had previously been prescribed painkillers. Among them, 41.4% used painkillers occasionally, and 8.7% used them regularly. Notably, 16.9% admitted exceeding recommended doses, and 37.6% perceived themselves at risk of dependency. Awareness of addiction risk did not differ significantly by gender (p = 0.41) or education (p = 0.40). The sample was predominantly male (68.7%) and aged 18-25 (52.5%). Conclusion: Despite a general awareness of side effects, risky behaviors persist. Educational interventions and stronger communication between providers and patients are needed to address misconceptions and reduce misuse.

Background: Glaucoma, the second most common cause of blindness and the main cause of irreversible blindness, has a significant impact on people all over the world. Primary open-angle glaucoma is the most prevalent glaucoma subtype among adults (40-80 years old). Primary angle-closure glaucoma is linked to the closure of the anterior chamber angle of the eye and is known to have a higher risk of bilateral blindness, which places a severe burden on families and society. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of glaucoma in adult patients and to determine common types of glaucoma and to find out the relationship between glaucoma and demographic characteristics of patients and determine common causes of glaucoma. Methods: Cross-sectional study design was adopted from 15 September 2024 to 15 April 2025 at Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Tikrit District, Salah Eden. To achieve the objectives of the present study. A purposive sample involving 300 glaucoma patients. Data collection tools composed from (6) parts, which includes the following: Part one demographic information of patients, Part two medical history, Part three lifestyle of patients with glaucoma, Part four signs and Symptoms of patients with glaucoma, Part five risk factors of patients with glaucoma, Part six daily activities of patients with glaucoma. The study results were examined using both a descriptive analysis and an inferential analysis procedure (e.g., Binomial test, Chi-Square test and Contingency Coefficients) a p-value of <0.05 was detected to be statistically significant. Result: The results shows 143(53.0%) from sample were male and 127(47.0 %) were female. With regard to the age group high numbers at the ages falling within the third, fourth and fifth age groups, since they are accounted 174(64.44%), most of them were a housewife and they are accounted 106(39.3%) and of them having high numbers at the low education levels of under a primary school, since they are accounted 151(55.9%). More than half of studied sampled have a prevalence of "Primary (Idiopathic) open angle glaucoma" and represent 138(51.1%), while prevalence of "Pesudoexfoliation related open angle glaucoma" type are accounted 35(13.0%). Also the results shows 103(38.1%) have Diabetes Mellitus, 139(51.5%) have increase Blood Pressure item, 120(44.4%) have previous eye surgery and 253(93.7%) have elevated of intraocular pressure (IOP). Conclusion: This study concludes risk factors and prevalence of glaucoma may increase with age and most risk factors for glaucoma were diabetes mellitus, increase blood pressure, previous eye surgery and increase intra ocular pressure while the most prevalence types were Primary (Idiopathic) open angle glaucoma and Pesudoexfoliation related open angle glaucoma.

Background: Suicides are a global public health issue affecting all ages, races and social classes, causing significant economic, cultural, public and psychological consequences in adults and adolescents. Aim: The study analyzes data from 2023 suicide victims in Al-Sharqia Governorate, Egypt, focusing on characteristics and methods of suicide. A retrospective study conducted by Egypt's Forensic Medicine Authority in 2023 reviewed 580 autopsy cases to investigate patterns in suicide-related deaths. The analysis focused on variables including age, gender, socioeconomic status, location, suicide methods and history. Results: Of the total cases, 206 (35.5%) were identified as suicides, corresponding to an incidence rate of 2.26 per 100,000 population. Most victims were male (71%) and primarily in their 30s and 40s (56%). The leading method of suicide was poisoning with metal phosphide tablets, reported in 63.6% of cases. Conclusion: The study found that suicide cases were over a third of autopsies, primarily in rural low-income areas due to phosphide poisoning. Female teens self-harm more than males. More research is needed, as suicide mainly affects the working population, leading to significant community loss. Urgent public health action is needed to address suicide in vulnerable populations. The data revealed that suicide was most prevalent among young adult males, with phosphide poisoning emerging as the predominant method.

Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that affects millions globally and remains surrounded by stigma and misconceptions, particularly in some regions. Understanding medical students’ awareness and knowledge is vital, as they play a critical role in shaping future healthcare attitudes and practices. This study aimed to assess the awareness, knowledge, and perceptions of epilepsy among medical students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May 2024 involving 400 medical students from Umm Al-Qura University in Makkah. Data were collected using a validated, self-administered online questionnaire distributed via social media platforms. The questionnaire covered demographic data, general knowledge, perceived causes, attitudes, and compliance with physician recommendations regarding epilepsy. Statistical analysis was performed using R software version 4.3.1, employing chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests to assess associations between variables. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall awareness of epilepsy was high, with 90.2% of participants reporting familiarity with the condition. Awareness was significantly associated with marital status (p = 0.014) and academic year (p = 0.001). Clinical year students showed significantly greater understanding of symptom variability (85.7% vs. 73.6%, p = 0.004) and the treatability of epilepsy (52.0% vs. 25.6%, p<0.001) compared to preclinical students. Despite high awareness, some stigma-related responses were noted, including hesitation about social interactions and misconceptions about the autonomy of individuals with epilepsy. Conclusion: Medical students in Makkah demonstrate a generally good level of awareness and knowledge about epilepsy, particularly those in clinical years. However, persistent stigma and gaps in understanding suggest the need for targeted educational interventions. Enhancing epilepsy-related content in the medical curriculum and promoting awareness through workshops and campaigns can further improve attitudes and preparedness in future healthcare professionals.

Introduction: The adoption of individualized medicine in clinical practice has multifaceted challenges and advantages. The aim is to strategically address these challenges for better outcomes by focusing on specific needs of treatment, patient evaluation and adoption issues. Method: A systematic review was conducted from 2020 to 2025 to assess the clinical application of personalized medicine through rigorous keyword searches in Scopus. 16 relevant randomized control trials studies were identified using strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and all were evaluated for risk of bias and study quality. Result: This systematic review assesses the approaches to personalized medicine of 16 RCTs conducted in different countries (Germany, China, UK, US, France and Japan) and various biomarkers into the management of depression, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Personalized therapies showed significantly greater response rates, ranging from 48.7% to 87% and lower or no adverse drug reactions. These therapies included pharmacogenomic-guided antidepressant therapy, personalized dietary management and targeted therapies for cancer. Conclusion: Clinical outcomes are enhanced across a range of diseases due to the increased response rates and lower adverse reactions associated with treating patients using genetic, pharmacogenomic and biomarker-driven methodologies when compared to traditional methods.

Background: Robotic distal gastrectomy (RDG) has emerged as an advanced minimally invasive technique for the treatment of gastric cancer. While it offers potential advantages over conventional approaches, questions remain regarding its safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the clinical outcomes associated with RDG, including complication rates, recovery times and mortality. Methods: A systematic search of four electronic databases identified 512 articles. After duplicate removal using Rayyan QCRI and relevance screening, 32 full-text articles were reviewed. Ultimately, four studies met the inclusion criteria based on PRISMA guidelines. Data extracted included demographic information, complication and mortality rates and postoperative recovery outcomes. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I and Cochrane risk of bias tools. Results: The four included studies involved 1,184 patients who underwent RDG, of whom 740 (62.5%) were male. The prevalence of postoperative complications ranged from 0% to 18.3%, with an overall rate of 8.8% (n = 105). Two studies reported zero mortality. Clinical findings suggested RDG reduces blood loss, shortens hospital stays and facilitates faster recovery. These benefits were consistently observed across Asian institutions. However, high equipment and procedural costs remain significant limitations, especially in complex cases and settings with limited access to robotic platforms. Conclusion: RDG demonstrates promising clinical outcomes for gastric cancer surgery, particularly in terms of patient recovery and postoperative safety. Despite its advantages, the high cost of robotic systems limits widespread implementation. Future research should emphasize cost-effectiveness, long-term oncological outcomes and broader international applicability to strengthen RDG’s position in standard surgical practice.