A complex health issue, obesity can be affected by a number of dietary, environmental, and hereditary variables [1]. Numerous problems, including as inflammatory processes, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, are brought on by its ubiquitous incidence [2, 3, 4].

With the rise of morbid obesity and its related diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, surgical interventions are widely regarded as the most effective option for individuals classified as severely obese with a body mass index (BMI) of over 35. However, alternative methods, like gastric sleeve surgery, whereby the size of the stomach is reduced, are increasingly popular. This procedure is technically less complex and results in fewer complications, even for patients with a very high BMI [5, 6, 7, 8].

Three decades of extensive use of bariatric surgery have shown its significant effectiveness in managing diseases associated with obesity. The knowledge gained over the years has not only established the potential of this area in clinical medicine but also aided in developing assessment criteria for long-term outcomes of different surgical and endoscopic interventions [9, 10, 11].

A BMI range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m\(^{2}\) is seen as a standard. The achievement of the noted indicators of "ideal body weight" is often limited despite the use of all available overweight correction and treatment methods in contemporary medicine. Additionally, reducing body weight to meet "golden parameters" may conflict with the primary objective of bariatric surgery, which is to restore (preserve) health and resolve aesthetic issues [12].

That weight loss surgery is generally more effective than non-surgical interventions for weight loss and associated comorbidities. Where LRYGB and LSG were more effective than LAGB at achieving weight loss and had fewer long-term complications, but LAGB was still less effective than the other two procedures [13].

When compared to non-surgical therapies, bariatric surgery performed better with regard to weight reduction and metabolic markers. Colquitt (2014) discovered that some procedures, such LRYGB and LSG, were more successful than others and that surgery improved weight reduction outcomes and comorbidities more than non-surgical therapies [14, 15].

This paper examines weight loss surgeries for obese patients, using data collected from Baghdad, Iraq, between 16th January 2019 and 15th December 2022. By studying the outcomes of 122 patients, including 89 women (73%) and 33 men (27%), we developed the methodology to assess outcomes; each patient underwent one of several weight-reduction procedures. Primary data were collected, which included age, body mass index, and comorbidities, and liver function indexes, as well as the corresponding operative method. The statistical outcomes of our study were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 software. A significant result was considered when \(P < 0.05.\)

Furthermore, the choice of surgery was determined by the patient’s health status, preoperative BMI, presence of co-morbidities, and medical recommendations. The patients’ weights ranged from 90 kg to 210 kg (mean: 105.8 kg), while their ages ranged from 17 to 55 (mean: 32.10 years). For laparoscopic procedures, the mean BMI was \(40.5 kg/m^{2}\) (range 32 to 65.8). In addition, laparoscopic operations were performed with an average operating time of 90 \(\pm\) 18.5 minutes, and follow-up was conducted over a period of 28 months (12-40 months).

During LGS, the surgeon removes around 85% of the stomach, which results in a cylindrical tube with a capacity of 60 to 100 \(cm^{3}\), depending on the patient’s pre-operative BMI. The ileum and pre-formed small pouch stomach are joined side by side (one anastomosis) in LMGB. Technical term abbreviations are spelled out upon first usage.

Before and after surgery, we recorded the body weight, height, and BMI of each patient. We objectively assessed the health indicators of each patient and discussed the surgical risks with them to obtain informed consent before proceeding with the operation.

The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure has shown significant benefits for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. SASI is a form of Sleeve Gastrectomy in which a loop of the ileum is fastened to a sleeve of the stomach using staples, around 250-300 cm from the DJ junction (duodenojejunal junction). Furthermore, laparoscopic gastric plication only reduces gastric capacity by enclosing the stomach rather than excising it.

Before performing the surgery, we evaluated each patient’s health metrics, including height, weight, and BMI. Before carrying out the procedure, we thoroughly evaluated the health metrics of each patient, discussed the surgical risks with them, and obtained their consent and informed agreement.

Table 1 shows the patient distribution.

Table 2 was detected the rate of gender that females have scored high cases than males, where females got 89 but males 33. Also, comorbidities showed a high percentage of patients with hypertension, of 16 cases, while diabetes 12, as well as others, enrolled the highest with 25.

In comparison with previous studies, Table 3 was enrolled a good rate of complications with obese patients where the infection was determined in 11 cases.

According to the SF-36 questionnaire, our outcomes were assessed quality of life, which enhanced the rate of body health after surgery. Physical function was enrolled in pre-operative 33.26 while post-operative 54.67 (Figure 2).

Obesity is one of the most common diseases in the world, which constitutes a major health problem that sometimes leads to death. Through reviewing previous studies, it was found that approximately 400 million people in the world suffer from obesity [16]. The management of obesity is challenging despite the use of many therapeutic options, such as dietary restriction, regular aerobic activity, behavioral approaches, and pharmaceutical variables. There is a slight weight reduction advantage to each of these methods [17]. In addition, weight regain is typically a problem after stopping or discontinuing these interventions.

As a result, surgical procedures such as bariatric surgery are chosen when medical therapy or other tactics fail in significant and resistant patients [18]. The surgical procedures used in the current study were (LGS).

(LMGB), single anastomosis sleeve ileal bypass (SASI), laparoscopic gastric placement (LGP), and laparoscopy Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). The current study’s findings agree with those that have been reported by [19, 20]. In every category, the number of females exceeded that of males, presumably due to the fact that women are more prone to psychological issues and are more conscious of the aesthetic consequences of obesity [21]. Because of this, the laparoscopic gastric sleeve (LGS), that is widely used to treat morbid obesity and has a major effect on weight reduction and the risk of co-morbidities, is the most popular bariatric procedure worldwide.

Significant weight loss was achieved with this strategy [22]. According to earlier research, a high body mass index raises the risk of complications and operative mortality. Additionally, because the abdominal wall is thicker than the abdominal cavity, there is a greater chance for intra-abdominal side effects. Additionally, after the procedure, this group of people is more prone to experience thromboembolic problems [23].

Like previous research, our analysis revealed that, out of 122 individuals, laparoscopic gastric sleeve (LGS) received the greatest number of cases. This might account for the higher incidence of problems linked to different types of bariatric surgery [24]. Patients with SSO pose a challenge to the medical and surgical fields. The safety of the operation in each patient demography becomes more crucial as the prevalence of obesity and the number of weight reduction surgery procedures rise.

Obesity surgery has been shown to be effective for those who are overweight in prior studies [25]. A British study published in November 2014 confirmed the effectiveness of weight correction procedures in preventing type 2 diabetes [26].

Further studies have reported that surgical intervention for obesity can also lower the risk of vascular diseases and even prevent certain types of cancer among overweight patients [27]. However, a French study found that the long-term impact of joint replacement surgeries on obese patients who have undergone obesity surgery remains unclear [28]. On the other hand, the study’s findings suggest that surgical weight correction is probably a cost-effective approach and can enhance outcomes for obese patients.

During a SASI bypass, a sleeve gastrectomy, one anastomosis is made between the ileum and the stomach antrum. Our study detected that women have more obesity than males, where women were 89 and males had 33 cases of 122. According to the latest studies, our study found that infections were the highest score of 11 patients with complications, where there may be an increased risk of site infections.

Obesity surgery indicates encouraging results for people who are obese and want to lose weight. It has been discovered that the operations successfully eliminate extra weight and enhance general health results. Our outcomes showed a positive correlation between conducting reconstructive bariatric surgery and its successful scores of outcomes. Out of the five groups studied, this study found that (LMGB) had the most promising results in weight loss and reduction of obesity-related comorbidities. On the other hand, the most common bariatric procedure used to reduce weight is laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or LGS.

The authors declare no conflict of interests. All authors read and approved final version of the paper.

All authors contributed equally in this paper.

   
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