This study involved separating and partially purifying the 5'-Nucleotidase enzyme isoforms from the sera of patients with renal failure. The purification process consisted of several steps, beginning with precipitation using 30% ammonium sulfate, resulting in a purification fold of 1.2625 and an enzyme yield of 65.63%. This was followed by membrane filtration using a buffer solution, achieving a purification fold of 1.651 and an enzyme yield of 49%. The protein fraction separated from the dialysis bag was then passed through a gel filtration column, reaching a purification fold of 51.88 and an enzyme yield of 43.1%. The enzyme isoforms from the separated protein fraction were further separated using gel filtration, employing ion-exchange chromatography techniques. This resulted in three isoforms of the 5'-Nucleotidase enzyme with varying degrees of purity, the highest for isoform. at 2.297-fold. The study also included kinetic studies of the enzyme purified by gel filtration, which involved determining the Km value under the influence of varying concentrations of the enzyme's substrate, 5'-AMP, for the purified enzyme from the sera of patients with renal failure, which was found to be 12.4. The effects of temperature, pH, and reaction time on enzyme activity were also studied.

The care given to newborns immediately within the first few hours of birth is critical for their survival. The neonatal period is a transitional period immediately after birth and is critical for their survival and existence. Essential newborn care is one of the significant strategies for neonatal survival, especially immediately after delivery. Pediatric Nurses are the key healthcare providers who care for neonates immediately after birth. Aim of the study~was to assess Nurse's Knowledge Associated with the Routine Essential Newborn Care after birth in Baghdad City. A descriptive design was utilized for this study. The setting The study was conducted at Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching and the Private Nursing Home Hospitals in Baghdad. Sample: According to inclusion criteria, a purposive sample consisted of 60 participants (Pediatric/ midwives nurses). Tools: The questionnaire was constructed and developed and includes two parts: the first includes A structured Nurse demographic characteristics Sheet, and the second includes nurses' knowledge about immediate newborn care. Results:The results of the present study indicated that 45 (75.0%) of nurses had fair knowledge and (10%) had good knowledge, only (15.0%) of them had poor knowledge. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, the study concluded that only 10% of nurses has good knowledge of routine essential newborn care after birth. The socio-demographic characteristics of nurses do not affect their knowledge, except for years of experience working in the delivery room, which has a significant effect on the level of pediatric/midwives nurses' knowledge. Recommendation: Replication of the study on large samples of pediatric/ midwives nurses. Also, an Education program for pediatric/midwife nurses about immediate newborn care to improve their knowledge and practice.

Background: cancer disease and its treatment are leading cause to fatigue, fatigue is subjective data experienced by cancer patients measured in various method in order to assisting patient to regain daily activity, restore strength, and to improve quality of life. Aim of the study: the current study aimed to assess fatigue level and contributing factors among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods and materials: A quantitative design cross-sectional study conducted to assess level of fatigue and contributing factors among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy at oncology and hematology center in Kirkuk city from period of July to December 2023, sampling method was purposive sampling consist of 184 patients diagnosed with cancer and prescribed chemotherapy as a treatment. A constructed questionnaire was adopted to achieve the objective of the study consist of four parts; part one demographic data (7 items), part two health status (7 items), fatigue level scale (11 items) which scaled with (always, sometime, and never), and part four contributing factors (9 items). Data collected by interview techniques with the patients after obtaining consent to participate in the current study. Results: The study concluded that the highest age group were 61 years and more, female, the majority having chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, smokers, most of samples were diagnosed with breast cancer, almost all of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy three times per month intravenously. Regarding fatigue level, the majority of cancer patients in the current study were moderate and sever fatigue level. Concerning the most contributing factors that rises the fatigue among cancer patients were depression, lack of appetite, insomnia, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and pain respectively. Conclusions: the majority of cancer patients in the current study were moderate and sever fatigue level. the most contributing factors that rises the fatigue among cancer patients were depression, lack of appetite, insomnia, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and pain respectively.

Introduction: One of the most popular therapies for hospitalized patients in critical care units (ICUs) is mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube. Delaying weaning is linked to increased difficulty rates, more time in the hospital, and reduced ICU survival rates. Methodology: This study aims to evaluate the anesthesia care team's knowledge regarding weaning from MV in the ICU. The cross-sectional study of this type was conducted at Imam Khomeini Hospital and Sharieti Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from May 2023 until November 2023. During data collection, anesthetic care team members with various educational backgrounds were employed in the ICU at a public hospital. The final sample size was 101 Iranian anesthesia care teams in an Iranian hospital. Inclusion criteria include those who had an educational certificate and agreed to participate in this study during the study period. Anyone with a duration of 1 year or more in the ICU has an associate degree (nursing, anesthesia care team anesthesiology) and above. Exclusion criteria include a pilot study sample and all those not fulfilling the above inclusion criteria and not completing questionnaires. Results: The results showed that (77.2%) of the anesthesia care team was female, and (74.3%) were married. (50.5%) worked in the Imam khomaini hospital; furthermore, the anesthesia care team age was (50.5%) of (31--40) years old, and the mean \(\mathrm{\pm}\) SD was (2.14 \(\mathrm{\pm}\) 0.69). (2%)the anesthesia care team possessed plenty of knowledge. (35.6%) The anesthesia care group possessed a middling degree of knowledge, and (62.4%) possessed little knowledge. The relationship between the total knowledge of the anesthesia care team regarding weaning criteria from mechanical ventilation and the educational degree is significant (P = 0.005). The Conclusion: The knowledge and procedures of the anesthesia care team about weaning patients off of artificial ventilation were deemed inadequate based on the results of the current study. They need better knowledge about weaning criteria from MV in the ICU.

A new streptomycin derivative was synthesized and identified using UV-Vis, FTIR, and HNMR; the streptomycin first derivative has a moderate inhibition \textit{Escherichia coli} compared to the standard medication, which did not give any inhibition to this type of bacteria. A sensitive, accurate RP-HPLC method was developed to separate these streptomycin derivatives from the standard streptomycin drug and applied for the drug analysis in pharmaceuticals at optimal separation conditions using the Nucludar C18-DB column. The results showed good separation between the standard streptomycin drug and its prepared derivatives; the first, second, and third derivatives have \(t_{R}\) of 2.102, 6.19, and 7.695 min, respectively, while the standard streptomycin appeared at \(t_{R}\) of 5.352 min. This method was applied for the separation and estimation of streptomycin in ABBOTT and TROGE pharmaceuticals via standard graph, and the results proved that this method is accurate and the obtained concentration values match what was proven by the drug manufacturer.

Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe bacillus isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract that has recently been linked to Crohn's disease (CD) recurrence after bowel resection. CD is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the entire gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth and anus. Inflammation, ulcers, and other damage to the digestive tract lining characterize it. In the current study, CD patients as well as controls provided 79 biopsy samples of both sexes and ages from the Teaching Hospital Gastroenterology and Hepatology, medical city, Baghdad, from October 2022 to March 2023, to detect Proteus mirabilis P. mirablis bacteria, as well as the results of biochemical tests and the Vitek 2 system. P. mirablis was subjected to a PCR assay using particular primers that targeted the genes ureR and Urease C (ureC), which encode for the urease enzyme, a virulence factor in Proteus species.

Background: In obstetrics, there have been discussions and changes in procedures surrounding the provision of extra oxygen during cesarean sections performed under spinal anesthesia. Despite its recognized benefits in maintaining maternal cerebral oxygenation, concerns persist about its impact on neonatal health, especially regarding newborn oxygen saturation levels. This gap in understanding the direct effects on immediate neonatal outcomes, particularly Apgar scores, underscores the need for further research. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of \(O_{2}\) supplement on Apgar scores at one and five minutes post-delivery in newborns of mothers undergoing cesarean sections with spinal anesthesia. Methodology: Through randomized sampling, 100 patients from two hospitals in Iraq were included in this interventional trial. Following approval for research and establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria, the researcher gathered patient sociodemographic information and average score. The sample is divided into two groups: (50) participants as a study group and (50) participants considered as a control group. With a significance threshold 0.05, the gathered data were examined using descriptive and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 22. Results: The results demonstrated that the most represented age group in both study and control groups was 25-30 years, and the least represented was 35-40 years. The highest BMI category was 'overweight' in both groups, while 'obese' was the least common. Regarding birth weights, the study group had a higher percentage of normal birth weights than the control group. In APGAR scores after 5 minutes, a significantly higher percentage of newborns in the study group had reassuring scores (7 to 10) compared to the control group. Furthermore, a relevant difference in outcomes was shown by a significant link between the study group and the impact of O2 supplement on APGAR score at (p-value. 0). Sociodemographic factors such as age, education level, occupation, BMI, and gestational age showed no significant correlation with APGAR scores, underscoring the complexity of these factors' influence on neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: The study found that supplemental oxygen positively affects newborns' APGAR scores during Cesarean sections with spinal anesthesia, with the study group showing better scores than the control group. It suggests that improving prenatal care, training in neonatal care, ensuring medical equipment availability, and enhancing obstetric research and education are vital for better neonatal and maternal care in Iraq, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes for mothers and newborns.

Introduction: Aluminium is a predominant heavy metal found in everyday products like perfumes, antiperspirants, medication, milk, vaccinations, etc. Biologically available Aluminum is non-essential and toxic to the body. Excessive intake of Aluminum can lead to various negative consequences such as neurodegeneration of the brain, age-related changes, etc. Most of the aluminium exposure is through food and its products. Hence, this study aims to determine the Aluminium levels in milk. Materials and Methods: Twenty samples were collected and stored in the Tiruvallur district area, Chennai. They were broken down into nitric and perchloric acid (4:1 v/v) until a transparent solution was obtained. This was then filtered using Whatman filter paper and diluted. Aluminum content was estimated using a flame absorption spectrophotometer. Results: This study shows that the mean aluminum levels in the milk supply in Tiruvallur district are \(116.25 \pm 28.316\). The current study also showed that the values are significant (p=0.000) Conclusion: Hence, the Aluminium levels of milk are within permissible levels, and care should be taken not to intake excessive amounts.

Background: Teachers are often the first ones to suspect attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in their students, because they are with them for most of the day and they know how normal students typically behave in classroom Objectives: To assess the attitudes of primary school teachers about attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and find out relationship between teachers' attitudes and their socio demographic characteristics Methods: 200 teachers selected by convenience sample from 20 primary schools in Baghdad city. The data collected by using self-reported questionnaire related to attitudes and composed of 12 items Results: Among 200 teachers (32%) at age (29-35) years old, (64%) were females, (55%) were married, (50%) had bachelor graduated. They had neutral attitudes about ADHD at mean score (2.036). there is no significant relationship between the attitudes and the sociodemographic characteristics of teacher Conclusion: The study concluded that the teacher had neutral attitude about ADHD.

Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel illness that can affect any portion of the GI tract, including the colon. The CD is caused by an abnormal immune response to microbiota in the gastrointestinal system, and it can develop in those genetically predisposed to it. Inflammatory bowel disease, on the other hand, is well-acknowledged to be a complex condition in which intrinsic genetic factors may play a role. Cytokine genes are thought to be crucial in inflammatory bowel disease. Interleukin 18, a newly discovered proinflammatory cytokine, has lately been related to CD and other inflammatory bowel diseases. In the current investigation, 79 biopsy samples were taken from CD patients and control subjects of both sexes and ages during the period from October 2022 to March 2023 from Teaching Hospital Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical City, Baghdad, of the study was to determine the levels of Interleukin -18 ( IL-18), in CD individuals and compare with the healthy group and the risk of developing CD.

Due to its osteoinductive and osteoconductive qualities, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a desirable biomaterial frequently utilised in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As a sustainable alternative to conventional sources like mammalian bones, we set out to create and characterise DBM made from fish waste, primarily fish bones. Several methodologies were used to thoroughly characterise the generated DBM. The chemical composition was examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which also served to confirm the removal of mineral components. In order to analyse the DBM's microstructure and surface morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. According to FTIR measurement, the DBM showed a considerable decrease in mineral content, demonstrating successful demineralization. A porous structure with linked pores was visible in SEM images, allowing for nutrition diffusion and cell penetration. Additionally, the DBM's biological characteristics were assessed. Studies using in vitro cell cultures showed that the DBM might help human mesenchymal stem cells adhere, proliferate, and differentiate into osteogenic cells. Through in vivo animal studies, the osteoinductive ability of the DBM was evaluated. The implanted DBM stimulated new bone production in a rat calvarial deficiency model. As a result of our study's successful preparation and characterisation of DBM from fish waste, we now have a reliable and affordable supply for this important biomaterial. Positive characteristics of the demineralized fish bone matrix included reduced mineral content, porosity structure, and osteoinductive capability. These results demonstrate the possibility of DBM generated from fish waste as a promising substitute for bone regeneration applications.

Introduction: Oral health defects significantly affect the individual's general health and ability to carry out everyday activities. People like farm workers, construction workers, and migratory workers do not have access to dental care, significantly influencing their overall quality of life. People with ongoing dental pain have nutritional deficiency consequences. Materials and Method: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among 420 construction workers in Chennai. Individuals who expressed a willingness to participate were enrolled in the study. The oral health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Oral Health Impact Profile -14 scale. The cognitive ability of the individuals was assessed using the Symptoms of Early Dementia 11 questionnaire, and the nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A statistically significant association was found between Oral health-related quality of life \((p = 0.02)\), cognitive ability \((p-value =0.04)\), and nutritional status of construction workers \((p-value =0.01)\). A strong positive correlation was found between the variables such as oral health-related quality of life and nutritional status. Conclusion: From this study, we can conclude that the oral health-related quality of life, cognitive ability, and nutritional status of the construction workers in Chennai is overall low, and importance to be given on their oral health and also general health since low nutritional status can affect their general health too.

Background: Conception represents a physiological progression associated with adaptations in the structure, blood flow dynamics, and operational aspects of the cardiac response to temporary alternation in both preload and afterload. Ventricular volume and LA dimensions gradually and continuously increase due to increasing cardiac output and preload. The increased volume burden during the last trimester aggravates the possible cardiovascular disorders. Limited echocardiographic information exists on left atrium (LA) volume and function during the third trimester of standard conception among Iraqi women. Aim: To estimate the capacity and functionality of the left atrium throughout the last trimester of standard conception. Methods: This research was carried out on 75 normal gravid females (cases ) and 75 nonpregnant females (control ); women were given attention at Al-Furat Teaching Hospital from the 1 of April 2022 to the 30 of May 2023, the comprehensive 2D echocardiographic study had been done for each one of them. Results: Pregnant women category revealed a high noteworthy rise in left atrial maximum volume LA Max, left atrial minimum volume (LA Min) and pre-atrial volume (LA Pre- A) hn contrast to nonpregnant women group \((41.8 \pm 11.50\) vs. \(25.16 \pm 6.04 , P<0.0001), (17.28 \pm 7.76\) vs. \(11.77 \pm 4.07 , P < 0.0001 )\) and \((8.69 \pm 4.24\) vs. \(6.8 \pm 2.93 ,P < 0.002)\) respectively. As well, the study showed that in pregnant women group there is high significant increase in Left atrium reservoir capacity, Left atrium conduit role and LA booster duty \(32.94 \pm 9.57\) vs. \(18.38 \pm 4.79, p< 0.0001 , ( 24.26 \pm 9.06\) vs. \(13.41 \pm 3.92 ,p< 0.0001) (8.58 \pm 4.66\) vs. \(4.98 \pm 2.30 , p<$ 0.0001\) contrasted with control. Additionally, the total emptying fraction% , LA Active ejection fraction % significantly higher in pregnant women than the control \((0.79 \pm 0.08 vs. 0.73 \pm 0.09, p< 0.0001)\), \((0.49 \pm 0.13\) vs. \(0.42\pm0.13 , p<0.002)\) while the LA Passive EF% had no significant difference between pregnant women \((0.58 \pm 0.14)\) about control \((0.53 \pm 0.10) (P <0.026 )\). Conclusion: In normal gravid females in the last trimester, there is an increase in LA volumes(LA maximum volume, LA minimum volume, and LA pre-A volumes) and enhancement in LA reservoir capacity, conduit role, and booster functions by using 2DE, which can quickly assess LA phasic volumes and function.

Hydatid cyst or hydatidosis is one of the common diseases between humans and animals (zoonotic disease) and has a global spread. Due to the importance of the disease, we chose this topic to find out the epidemiological extent of the spread of the disease and its relationship to some demographic characteristics. Where statistical data was collected and analyzed for those with hydatid cysts who were treated with surgical intervention at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in the Holy Governorate of Karbala. The statistics included (the number of infected people - age - gender - months of infection - residential areas - multiplicity of infections - affected body parts). The total number of infected people was (40) for both sexes for the year (2022). There were (27) infected cases (67.5%) in females and (13) infected cases (32.5%) in males. Thus, the infection rate in females is higher than in males. The infection rate according to age was highest in the youth group (21-30) and the lowest in the very young and very old ages. The highest infection rate during the year was during June and September, while the lowest was in the cold months of December and January, in which no infection was recorded. The infection rate in rural areas (Al-Hindiyya and Al-Husseiniyah sectors) was higher than in city areas. As for multiple infections, the highest percentage is a single infection, and the most affected organ is the liver, then the abdominal cavity, while the least affected organ is the lung.